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1

Pair-bonding and parental care in cricetid rodents: a comparative study

100%
Gromov V. S.
Acta Theriologica
|
2011
|
tom 56
|
nr 1
The cricetid rodents (hamsters, voles, and gerbils) show substantial inter-specific variation in their social organization, mating strategies, and patterns of social behavior, including parental care. In the present study, behaviors related to pair-bonding and parental activities were evaluated in male–female pairs of six cricetid species (Cricetulus migratorius Pallas, 1773, Clethrionomys rutilus Pallas, 1779, Microtus arvalis Pallas, 1778, Microtus socialis Pallas, 1773, Lasiopodomys brandti Radde, 1852, and Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) observed under laboratory conditions. These species were chosen due to particular differences in their mating strategies and the spatial-and-ethological population structure (Types I–IV). The results of the study show that there is a pronounced tendency towards both reinforcement of pair-bonds and increasing rate of direct parental care, especially paternal one, when solitary or gregarious species (Types I and II—C. migratorius and C. rutilus) are compared with the ones living in family groups (Type III—M. arvalis and M. socialis and Type IV—L. brandti and M. unguiculatus). Parental investment of males is mainly related to additional tactile stimulation of infants. A high level of tactile stimulation of pups promotes an increase in subsequent paternal care and reinforcement of pair-bonding, and, conversely, a deficit of tactile stimulation negatively affects the development of paternal behavior and social relationships. Thus, tactile stimulation can be regarded as one of the proximate mechanisms of socialization that plays an essential role in the evolution of sociality, i.e., transition to a family-group mode of life in rodents.
2

Factors affecting egg deposition of the European mantis

86%
Kajzer-Bonk J.
Folia Biologica
|
2020
|
tom 68
|
nr 2
3

Effect of parental care on depredation of Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla L. nests: an experiment with artificial clutches

86%
Zielinski J., Lik M.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2014
|
tom 62
|
nr 4
Small solitary open nesting passerines, such is the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla that builds nest in the undergrowth, have little chance of successfully scaring off a predator to defend a nest. The aim of our study was to determine if parental care by Blackcaps can reduce the risk of depredation of its nests. We compared the survival of natural clutches with artificial clutches (plasticine and independently both plasticine & quail eggs). The artificial clutch was placed in a nest after the natural clutch had been concluded, and the results were analysed as matched pairs of data. We assumed that significantly higher survival rates of natural clutches than of artificial clutches deprived of parental care, might indicate a significant positive effect of parental care on reducing depredation risk of Blackcap clutches. Losses caused by birds, rodents and larger mammals were 49%, 41% and 9%, respectively. The differences in survival rates of artificial clutches (plasticine as well as quail & plasticine) and natural clutches were not statistically significant. This might show that parental care is not strong enough to significantly reduce depredation risk of Blackcap clutches. Although this conclusion should be treated cautiously because it was difficult to assess the influence of using artificial clutches on our results.
4
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Tetranychus urticae changes its oviposition pattern in the presence of the predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Typhlodromus bagdasarjani

86%
Moghadasi M., Golpayegani A. Z., Saboori A., Allahyari H., Tafti H. D.
Acta Biologica
|
2019
|
tom 26
5

Brood provisioning rate and food allocation rules according to nestling begging in a clutch-adjusting species, the Rufous-tailed Scrub-robin Cercotrichas galactotes

72%
Moreno-Rueda G., Soler M., Martin-Vivaldi M., Palomino J. J.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2009
|
tom 44
|
nr 2
Brood reduction may be a strategy by which, when food is scarce, parents provision chicks differentially — this usually leads to the death of the smaller nestlings. In contrast, in species where brood reduction does not normally occur, parents may allocate food equally among nestlings. The Rufous-tailed Scrub-robin Cercotrichas galactotes is a species in which brood reduction does not occur (it is a clutch adjuster), so that all nestlings usually fledge. This study analysed the food allocation rules in this species. As predicted, begging behaviour in nestlings seems to indicate their need for food, because once fed, they reduced their begging levels. Parents provisioning the nest allocated food according to begging by nestlings. Those nestlings that got fed begged nearer the parents, with lower latency and higher intensity, and stretched up to a greater height while begging. Moreover, the feeding rate was higher when more nestlings begged in the nest. There were slight differences between males and females with respect to prey type brought to the nest. Bigger nestlings got a larger proportion of food because they begged more intensely, but there was no evidence of parental favouritism towards bigger chicks.
6

Parental investment of female Tengmalm's Owls Aegolius funereus: correlation with varying food abundance and reproductive success

72%
Zarybnicka M.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2009
|
tom 44
|
nr 1
The effects of food abundance, reproductive success and age of nestlings on parental care in female Tengmalm's Owls were tested in this study. The behaviour of female owls was monitored by a camera system from hatching to fledging at 12 nests in 2004 and 2006 in the Ore Mountains, Czech Republic. Food abundance and reproductive success (the latter measured at the end of female's attendance of the brood) were higher in 2004 than in 2006. Females remained for a significantly longer time with their nestlings at the nests in 2004 (24.8 ± 2.4 days) than in 2006 (22.2 ± 0.9 days). During the attendance period, they were leaving the nest for several short trips each night; the duration of these trips, the total time spent outside the nest per night, and the number of trips per night did not differ between years. However, these variables did increase with increasing age of the young (though the number of trips per night increased only during the last week of the females' stay on the nests). Two types of female parental strategies were recorded after the end of brood attendance period: in 2004 when food was abundant, most of the females left their broods, whereas in 2006 when food was scarce, most of the females continued parental care and took part in the feeding of nestlings. The reproductive success was correlated negatively with both the total number of prey items and the proportional contribution of the females to nestling feeding. These results support the hypothesis that if the ecological conditions are such that the offspring can be raised by a single parent, its mate may abandon the clutch or brood and increase its fitness by sequential polygamy (polyandry/polygyny) during a single breeding season.
7

Egg grooming in Vallonia snails – anti-parasite defence or trophic behaviour?

72%
Kuznik-Kowalska E., Prockow M., Plaskowska E., Pokryszko B. M.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2018
|
tom 66
|
nr 1
During laboratory studies on the reproductive biology of Vallonia pulchella and V. costata we observed an unusual behaviour in adults and juveniles of both species. The snails moved with their heads and radulae over the egg surface as if feeding. The examination of the egg shell revealed the presence of the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, which commonly occurs in the soil and has multiple lifestyles: it is known as a nematode pathogen, a saprophyte and a coloniser of plant roots. The extraordinary behaviour of Vallonia may be associated with the presence of mycelium on the egg surface. We hypothesise three possible explanations of egg grooming: (1) parental care, (2) trophic behaviour and (3) the infection can constitute a means of defence against nematodes, which are known to be predators of snails and slugs as well as their eggs. The removal of the fungus is not associated with overcrowding, but may be a selective advantage when combined with feeding.
8

Effects of Protocalliphora parasites on nestling food composition in Corsican Blue Tits Parus caeruleus: consequences for nestling performance

58%
Banbura J., Perret P., Blondel J., Thomas D. W., Cartan-Son M., Lambrechts M. M.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2004
|
tom 39
|
nr 2
The influence of a parasite (larvae of Protocalliphora, Diptera: Calliphoridae) on an avian host (Blue Tit) was studied in 1994-1997 as part of a long-term research project on a population of Blue Tits inhabiting nest boxes on the island of Corsica. The Blue Tit broods were heavily infested with Protocalliphora larvae. The abundance of caterpillars as a key food type for the tits was monitored. A random sample of 16 nests was experimentally subjected to an anti-parasite heat treatment, which resulted in a marked decline in the numbers of Protocalliphora larvae. Untreated nests, with high numbers of parasites, were regarded as control nests. Under the anti-parasite treatment, Blue Tit nestlings were fed less frequently than the control nestlings (8 v. 11 food items per hour per nestling). Significant changes in the diet composition occurred, with parasite-free nestlings being consistently fed with fewer caterpillars. An average parasitised nestling was supplied by its parents with 2.6 caterpillars more than an average parasite-free chick. This suggests that in the highly parasitised control nests, the parent tits made an effort to compensate for the detrimental effects caused by Protocalliphora larvae. Feeding rate and food composition were shown to influence chick condition and survival in the nest. In spite of these facts, the nestlings in parasitised nests developed less rapidly and had lower survival rates than in the anti-parasitically heat-treated nests. The parasitic Protocalliphora larvae have a double effect on their avian host: they adversely affect nestling performance, and they compel adult tits to work harder in order to at least partially compensate for that influence.
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