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The function of vestibulum (the outermost empty brood cell, without provisioning mass and larvae) has not been precisely determined so far. It is most probably a behavioral relic, which currently has no adaptive value. However, red mason bees often build vestibulum. In this study, we examined the nest tubes of red mason bees in three sites (Kłoda, Kanie and Warsaw) in Mazovian Province and in one site (Sąpłaty) in Warmian-Masurian Province. About 70% of the nest tubes in Kłoda, Kanie and Warsaw had vestibulum, whereas only 29% of the tubes in Sąpłaty had vestibulum. It can be assumed that the vestibulum protects the brood against unstable atmospheric conditions, and the proximity of the lake Sąpłaty reduced the temperature amplitude. It was found, however, that the vestibulum did not protect the brood cell against nest parasitoides and cleptoparasites. More cells were infested by parasites and kleptoparasites in tubes with vestibulum.
An evaluation of the effect of four host plants on biological parameters of Maconellicoccus hirsutus and efficacy of Anagyrus kamali was conducted in the laboratory. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Hibiscus sabdariffa produced M. hirsutus with life cycles which were 1-2 days shorter than those of M. hirsutus reared on Solanum tuberosum, and Cucurbita pepo L. Egg to adult M. hirsutus survival was lowest in C. pepo (8.8%) and highest for H. sabdariffa (21.8%). C. pepo, H. rosa-sinensis and H. sabdariffa produced a more female biased M. hirsutus sex ratio from single ovisacs, than S. tuberosum. Although adult M. hirsutus females exhibited variation in size and longevity on the host plants tested, total fecundity was not significantly different. Life cycle of both sexes and offspring sex ratio of A. kamali emerging from M. hirsutus cultured on the four host plants were statistically similar. M. hirsutus infested H. rosa-sinensis and H. sabdariffa produced A. kamali with significantly higher fecundity (post emergence adult counts) and lower longevity compared to the other host plants. Females with largest femur (Mean length = 0.2950 ± 0.0053 mm) were produced by M. hirsutus infested H. rosa-sinensis. A. kamali efficacy measured by percent parasitization and percent adult eclosion was statistically similar for all M. hirsutus infested host plants tested.
The agricultural landscape structure in relations between spatial units (forest edge, shrubberies, field borders and roadsides), its green cover and animal communities is studied. The share of parasitoid Hymenoptera of the Pimplinae subfamily in structural elements of agricultural landscape is presented. The relationships between species diversity and the abundance of Pimplinae communities and the complexity level of agricultural landscape are considered. For examining these dependences, multivariate statistical analysis, eg. principal component analysis is used.
Two parasitoid wasps, Torymus artemisiae Mayr and Torymoides violaceus (Nikol’skaya), were reared on Artemisia herba-alba (Asteraceae) galles, in central Iran. Torymus artemisiae and T. violaceus were developed from the gall midges: Rhopalomyia navasi Tavares and R. hispanica Tavares, respectively. The occurrence of these two parasitic wasps in Iran, and their associations with R. navasi and R. hispanica, are new. Data on the wasps’ biological associations and geographical distribution are provided. The parasitoid compositions of the genus Rhopalomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were also discussed.
The research was carried out in the years 1991–1994 in agricultural landscape of medium mosaic degree in the area of Łęczyca. It covered parasitoids of the Pimplinae subfamily (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), inhabiting refugium habitats such as shrubberies, field borders, roadsides and forest edges. The method used was scooping in order to catch imagos. 48 species were found, which made up 36.1% of this subfamily’s domestic fauna and 63.1% of those reported for Wielkopolska. Dominant species were Endromopoda detrita (Holmgr.) (D = 19.5%), Itoplectis maculator (F.) (D = 11.5%), I. alternans (Grav.) (D = 11.3%), Pimpla contemplator (Muell.) (D = 9.2%) and Zaglyptus multicolor (Grav.) (D = 7.1%). The greatest species diversity was reported from the forest edge (34 species), while the highest number was found in the shrubberies (268 individuals). The greatest stability of species composition was found in the shrubbery communities. The greatest species similarity between communities was reported for the shrubberies and the forest edge (SM = 53.5%). The highest similarity in terms of quantity occurred between the groups on the field border and road edge (Re = 64.5%).
In 1993–1995 from the cabbage aphid colonies, fed on nine different varieties of Brassica oleracea L. syrphid larvae and pupae were collected. The remaining emerged adults of Syrphidae were classified to eight species. The parasitization varied within the years of observation and oscillated from 14,4% to 46,4%. Four parasitic Hymenoptera: Diplazon laetatorius (F.), Diplazon sp., Pachyneuron grande (Thoms.), and Syrphophagus aeruginosus (Dalm.) were reared. The parasitoids identified belong to the following three families Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, and Encyrtidae. The largest group of reared parasitoids belonged to the family Ichneumonidae of which the most frequent was Diplazon laetatorius (F.). It occurred in each year of observations. The parasitization by D. laetatorius reached 21,7%.
The study of the bionomy of privet sawfly (Macrophya punctumalbum (L.), a pest of park plants in the city of Poznań, was conducted during three vegetation seasons in the years 1981–1983, at the insectarium of the Department of Entomology at Agricultural University in Poznań. The aim of the study was to define the longevity and fecundity of imagines, larvae development of the species and the level of parasitizing the eggs of the privet sawfly by parasitoids of the Chalcidoidea superfamily. The sawfly occurred in the last ten days of May. The females lived from 4 to 36 days, most often quite short (73.3%), from 7 to 14 days. After reaching the stage of sexual maturity, which lasted mostly 8–9 days, they started laying eggs. The fecundity of females fluctuated between 1 and 122 eggs. The mean female fecundity was 52 eggs. It was found that the larvae of sawfly went through 5 instar stages. The parasitoids of the Chalcidoidea superfamily decreased the abundance of the sawfly at the egg stage from 0.47% to 8.65%. Those were Anaphes cultripennis Debauche (Mymaridae) and Trichogramma sp. (Trichogrammatidae).
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