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Species of anamorphic fungi rare and new for Poland

84%
Morinia pestalozzioides, Seimatosporium hypericinum, Septoria artemisiae, S. artemisiaemaritimae, S. achilleicolaand S. symphyti, fungi not recorded in Poland before, are described and illustrated. The species were found during studies on the occurrence of parasitic fungi conducted in selected sites in the Słowiński National Park and in the Western Pomerania between 2001 and 2004.
From our experiments it appears that parasitic fungus, Conidiobolus coronatus, infected 12 insect species we have tested, while another 8 species did not suffer after contact with this pathogen. The culture filtrates and mycelial homogenates of C. coronatus contain toxic proteins. By means of two steps FPLC: gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography, we isolated a 30 kDa toxic protein from the culture filtrate. The 30 kDa protein appeared to be very potent on Galleria mellonella larvae: LD₅₀ was less than 5 ng/larva. Rabbit polyclonal anti-30 kDa immunoglobulins specifically recognized this fungal toxin. Using antibodies we showed that 30 kDa mycotoxin is present in C. coronatus conidia, hyphae and is released by the fungus into the incubation liquid medium.
Phomopsis amaranthicola jest stosunkowo niedawno odkrytym patogenem różnych form uprawnych szarłatu oraz dziko rosnącego szarłatu szorstkiego. Został on wyizolowany po raz pierwszy z porażonych łodyg i liści formy uprawnej szarłatu krwistego w 1992 roku przez Rosskopf’a. W Polsce do tej pory nie był on notowany. Doświadczenia z szarłatem uprawnym założono w Pawłowicach i w Łosiowie, w latach 2003-2005. Obserwacje polowe zdrowotności A. cruentus przeprowadzono w okresie od czerwca (po wschodach) do listopada (do zbioru). Szacowanie uszkodzeń przeprowadzono w fazie dojrzałości zielonej nasion, kiedy wystąpiło największe nasilenie zmian chorobowych na powierzchni łodyg. Z porażonych łodyg szarłatu uprawnego w większości przypadków wyizolowano Phomopsis amaranthicola. Oprócz tego gatunku z uszkodzonych tkanek wyosabniano również kolonie Fusarium spp. i Alternaria alternata. P. amaranthicola izolowano nie tylko z formy uprawnej, ale i dzikiej zachwaszczającej tę uprawę zarówno w Pawłowicach, jak i w Łosiowie.
In the years 2000-2001, the occurrence of fungi parasitizing on ornamental plants and herbs cultivated in the Vegetative Hall of the Agricultural University in Szczecin was investigated. The plants represented ca. 200 species. Disease and etiological symptoms were found in 37% of plant species. Most diseased plants came from the family Asteraceae. The plant species most frequently affected was Melisa officinalis. In the laboratory, 35 fungal species were recognized. Most fungi came from the phylum Ascomycota (13 species), and least from the phylum Oomycota (3 species). The phylum Ascomycota was represented only by species of the order Elysiphales. Other relatively frequently found fungi also were members of the phylum Basidiomycota (11 species). Of the fungi recognized, 31 species were earlier frequently recorded in Poland, and three rarely. Erysiphe flexuosa parasitizing Aesculus hippocastanum was not recorded in Poland to date; in Europe this fungus was recognized only in Germanyand Switzerland.
The research was conducted in a mushroom growing facility located in Krasne near Rzeszow, consisting of three production halls. The halls had identical thermal and humidity conditions but different composts (dices 1, dices 2 trademark artificial substrate, conventional substrate), and casings soil (thermally disinfected, chemically disinfected, thermally and chemically disinfected). Fragments of spawn of Agaricus bisporus, compost and casings were put on Petri dishes with acidified PDA nutrient medium. Besides, in relative aseptic conditions, Petri dishes with glucose-potato medium acidified (with 50% lemon acid) and not acidified were prepared. They were placed on upper and middle shelves in four randomly chosen places in each hall. Four Petri dishes with acidified an four with not acidified medium were put in each such point, they were opened and left there for 40 hours, then they were closed and kept in thermostat for 2 weeks. Analyses were carried out at following dates: A – prior to casing application – 16 days after dice and conventional compost were laid, B – during third harvest – 3 weeks after production cycle start. The number and species composition of microorganisms which accompany the mushroom cultivation depended on the healthiness of: the compost, casing and spawn of Agaricus bisporus. The artificial substrates recommended for common mushroom cultivation are not always free from harmful microorganisms and the spawn of Agaricus bisporus which they contain Trichoderma spp may also be paralysed, by the pathogenic species. Precise double disinfecting of the casing – with steam and chemical – eliminates completely Trichoderma spp. Verticillium spp Mycogone perniciosa the species harmful to common mushroom. The presence of competitive and pathogenic fungi in the cultivation halls already at the beginning of the production cycle is a serious thread of the cultivation of common mushroom because their rapid spread shortens the span of fruiting body harvests.
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