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Oxygen breathing and ventilation

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We investigated the ventilatory response to normobaric poikilocapnic hyperoxia in healthy subjects. The study was carried out in 26 subjects of the mean age 26 ±0.9 (SE) years, who breathed pure oxygen through a two-way valVE for 10 min. The subjects were in the sitting position with a mouthpiece and nose clip attached. Ventilatory flow was recorded using a pneumotachograph and minute ventilation was calculated from the tidal and frequency components. The SaO2 and alveolar CO2 tension were continuously monitored. Ten of the same subjects constituted a control group in which room air was substituted for oxygen and the tests repeated in the same way at another occasion. We found that oxygen breathing caused a transient 8.4% decline in ventilation, whose nadir was 1 min after the introduction of oxygen. Thereafter, ventilation increased significantly aboVE the baseline value and showed a further rising tendency toward the end of the test. We conclude that acute oxygen treatment is unlikely to haVE a major inhibitory effect on the carotid body-dependent ventilatory driVE in normal subjects. The determinants of the hyperoxic ventilatory stimulation remain to be established in further studies.
Molecular oxygen (O2) is widely used as an oxidant in catalytic oxidation. This study was part of a biomimetic oxidation targeted at increasing the use of lignin in the production of chemicals through the application of salen transition metal catalysts. In this work, the catalytic performance of a cobalt-Schiff base catalyst Co(salen) in the presence of an oxidant and a ligand, such as pyridine, was analysed using two polymeric lignin model compounds. Oxidation experiments were carried out in alkaline water (pH 11-12) with the use of H2O2 and atmospheric oxygen (1atm) as oxidants. Co(salen) was an active catalyst, increasing the oxidation rate of the S- and G- type phenolic model polymers. In studies with FTIR, C-13 NMR, and GC-MS spectroscopy, the Co(salen)--catalysed oxidation rate was found to be high in the presence of O2. O2 had effects on the activity of the Co(salen), and it was concluded that the rate of the decomposition of the polymer was increased with the addition of O2. The structure of the lignin model polymers also had an effect on their decomposition. In the form of two CH3O-group polymers (S-type lignin model polymer), the depolymerisation decreased. Irrespective of the polymer (both S- and G- type lignin model polymers), the depolymerisation generated benzaldehydes as the main observed products. The model polymer studies were confirmed to be a useful way to obtain information about the reactions occurring during catalytic oxidation.
The influence of ammonia ions and oxygen on the kinetics of denitrification and culture growth of Bacillus licheniformis bacteria is reviewed. It was determined that these microorganisms can utilize both 02 and NO -3 as electron acceptors. They are also able to assimilate NH4+ and NO 3-, and it is conceivable that they also assimilate nitrogen and catalyze nitrification reactions.
Five years (1998, 2000–2003) of summer records of temperature, nutrients and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper 400 m of the water column of the northern Gulf of Aqaba were employed to produce a simple statistical model of the relationship between temperature versus nitrate, phosphate, silicate andd issolved oxygen concentrations. Temperature profiles in the upper 400 m during summer revealeda clear thermocline in the upper 200 m. This was reflected in nutrient ando xygen concentrations as nitrate, phosphate, and silicate increasedfr om the surface to deep water while dissolved oxygen decreased. The best fit relationship between temperature versus nitrate andphosphate was inverse linear and the best fit correlation between temperature versus silicate andd issolvedo xygen was fractional. The observedn utrient concentrations were shaped by a combination of the hydrodynamics and biological factors. Deep winter mixing and high nutrient concentrations dominate during winter. Shortly after the water stratifies in spring, the nutrients are drawn down by phytoplankton during the spring bloom and remain low throughout the rest of the year. The regression equations presented here will be useful in estimating nutrient concentrations from temperature records as long as the annual natural cycle is the main driver of nutrient concentrations and external inputs are insignificant. Deviations from these relationships in the future could provide insight into modifications in the nutrient concentrations probably resulting from new nutrient sources, such as anthropogenic inputs.
The study was carried out in the main branches of the Lower Oder River, differentiated in terms of sediments composition. The aim was performing a comparative studies on the differences in Ostracoda fauna inhabiting various types of sediments. Following bottom sediments were distinguished: hard, sapropel/hard, sapropel and Chironomidae mat. The packet of CANOCO v.4.5 programs was used to investigate the interdependence between the species composition and environmental parameters. Eighteen taxa were found of which 16 were identified to the species level. It was a comparatively high number considering the fact that the samples were collected exclusively from the benthic zone and solely from the main river bed, without floodplain. Physocypria kraepelini was an eudominant and Darwinula stevensoni and Cypria ophtalmica were dominants. The samples collected from the sapropel were characterised by the highest density. The case of hard sediments the status of domination was retained as above, but there appeared a new dominant, i.e. Potamocypris unicaudata . The most unique structure of domination was observed in the case of Chironomidae mat, with Limnocythere inopinata as an eudominant and Cypridopsis vidua and P. unicaudata as dominants. As for the species diversity, the hard sediments were characterised by the highest value of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, the sapropel/hard sediment was the lowest. The type of river bottom to a great extent affects the density and taxonomic composition of the Ostracoda in rivers. The waters of the Oder River, rich in oxygen, provide favourable conditions for the development of ostracods even on the surface of sapropel sediment.
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