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Studies were carried out in 2004-2007 in two apiaries which varied in flow terms. In the midsummer, bees from P apiary collected pollen and nectar from mixed forest, pastures and fields, while bees from NJ apiary worked white mustard and weeds on wastelands. The winter scatters were collected for investigations every year, after the first bees’ flight. HCH concentration in bees from P apiary ranged from 0.00102 μg/g of lipid matter (l.m.) to 0.00170 μg/g l.m. and the total amount of DDT was 0.00970-0.03530 μg/g l.m. In the bees’ scatter from NJ apiary the HCH level was 0.00091-0.00530 μg/g l.m. and the total amount of DDT was 0.00171-0.00424 μg/g l.m. Between 2004 and 2007 the level of chlorinated hydrocarbons, mostly HCH, in both apiaries (especially in NJ) was reduced. It shows a progressive decomposition of this compound in the environment. However, the DDT content in the scatter from P apiary in the first two years of investigations as well as in 2007 was 0.00970-0.01280 μg/g l.m., whereas in 2006 it increased up to 0.03530 μg/g l.m. So significant an increase (2.7-3.6 times) in the DDT content towards the end of the investigated period seems to indicate a periodical infiltration of this compound into the region of the Pisz forest, probably from Africa, where this pesticide is still applied for mosquito control.
In the available literature there is lack of information concerning the influence of chlorinated hydrocarbons on bee behavior during the winter which is why it was decided to estimate HCH and DDT concentration in bees leaving the hive and staying inside it during the winter. To gain bees leaving the hive, on 15th of December 2005 traps were put on the entrances of 10 hives. Traps were emptied at one week intervals till 31 January, 2006. Samples of insects were weighted and counted in the laboratory and then the concentration of HCH and DDT was determined. Regardless of external temperature, individual bees left the hive. There was no observed dependence of the influence of external air temperature on the number of bees leaving the hive. The average concentration of HCH in bees leaving the hive during the winter was 0.0031 µg/g of lipid substance (l.s.) and total DDT was 0.0226 µg/g l.s., whereas in bees from the winter cluster 0.0010 µg/g l.s. and 0.0149 µg/ g l.s., respectively, and from the scatter 0.0011 and 0.0112 µg/g l.s. The results obtained indicate that in insects, as opposed to vertebrates, even a slight amount of pesticides seems to cause metabolic disorders and in this way lead to their leaving the hive in the winter.
Some of the bees in a winter cluster die during winter nesting and fall to the bottom board of the hive, accumulating as the so-called winter debris. The rest of the losses is accounted for by the insects that abandon the hive in winter - the out-fliers. In most studies to date, only bees from the winter hive debris have been analysed to determine the factors critical for adequate winter nesting. The author decided to examine the impact of selected atmospheric factors on both: winter within-hive mortality and winter out-flying mortality. Buckfast bees and M Augustowska Central European bees were investigated. Out-fliers (that had abandoned the hive) and bees from the winter hive debris were collected. Worker bees were counted in both groups. Altogether, 856 samples were analysed. Selected atmospheric factors were monitored during the experiment. It was found that winter out-flying is less dependent on atmospheric factors than winter within-hive mortality. The dependence was not universal but breed-specific. Moreover, during warmer winters in Poland there may be more winter out-flyers in proportion to within-hive fatalities.
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