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Sharp eyespot caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis is a common disease of cereals in Poland. R. cerealis is considered a weak pathogen, but under favourable conditions the incidence of the disease increases. The pathogen control is performed with fungicides used against other stem base diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the resistance level of R. cerealis isolates to selected fungicides that are used in the cereal crop protection. Cyproconazole and pyraclostrobin were fungicides that highly limited growth of the examined isolates. The group of the fungicides well-inhibiting growth of R. cerealis includes: epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, azoxystrobin, carbendazim and next kresoxim-methyl and phenpropimorph. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to thiophanate-methyl, cyprodinil and prochloraz. The results indicate the possibility of effective control of R. cerealis by fungicides used for protection of other stem base diseases.
A study into the sanitary state of roots and culm base of winter wheat was carried out in 1999-2002 in the Production and Experimental Station in Balcyny near Ostróda. Experimental wheat was cultivated after spring cross plants such as spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleiferus Metz.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L), Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea L.), oleiferous radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus L.), false flax (Camelina sativa L.), crambe (Crambe abbysinica Hoechst.) and after oats (Avena sativa L.) as a control. The other experimental factor was the method of after-harvest residue management, i.e. ploughing in the stubble, ploughing in the stubble and straw, ploughing in the stubble and straw with nitrogen added. The occurrence of root rot and stem base diseases was affected by weather conditions and forecrop species. Winter wheat roots were attacked to the lowest degree when spring rape and radish were used as forecrops, and to the highest degree - when grown after oat. The culm base was most intensely infected with fusarium foot rot (Fusarium spp.). The remaining root-rot diseases occurred every year but with different intensity. The method of utilization of after-harvest residues did not have a clear effect on the intensity of infection of the roots and culm base of winter wheat.
Integration of herbicide and fertilization treatments as well as search for effective fungicide preparations are of a particular importance in plant disease control. The aim of this three-year experiment w to assess the effect of herbicide treatments and methods of nitrogen application on the occurrence of root and foot rot caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis, Fusarium spp., Oculimacula spp., Rhizoctonia spp., and to determine frequency of fungi infesting the stem base. The results have demonstrated that soil nitrogen fertilization limited symptoms of take-all but favoured more intensive presentation of sharp eyespot. The symptoms of cereal and grass eyespot as well as those of take-all became more visible when nitrogen was applied to the soil than on leaves. A mixture of the herbicides Chwastox 300 SL and Starane 250 EC was the most effective in controlling sharp eyespot, while soil and foliar application were the most effective in controlling take-all. Granstar 75 WG, applied separately or in combination with the herbicides Starane 250 EC and Chwastox 300 SL, resulted in more pronounced symptoms of sharp eyespot and take-all.
The study was performed in 2000–2002, on winter wheat cv. Mikon in the third year of monoculture. The severity of root rot increased throughout the growing season. The highest infection was noted in the treatment with early sowing and without seed dressing. The application of two seed dressing chemicals (Raxil 020 FS and Latitude 125 FS) instead of one (Raxil 020 FS) had a more beneficial effect on the health status of wheat roots. Later sowing contributed to more effective control of Gaeumannomyces graminis. The effect of experimental factors on the incidence of root and foot rot was observed until the flowering stage.
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