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Our paper presents the results of investigations on the treatment of waters involved in unit process ultra­filtration, hybrid process - coagulation/sedimentation/ultrafiltration and in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration. In membrane filtration that we applied immersed capillary membranes. Simulated water containing humic acids at 30 mg/l was ultrafiltered with a constant volumetric permeate flux amounting to 5.7*10"6 m3/m2-s. Four coagulants were tested, for which the optimal process parameters were determined experimentally. We determined the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and that of the hybrid system coagulation-membrane filtration, basing on measurements of the membranes' yield (permeate flux) and physico-chemical analysis of raw water and permeates. Also residual concentration of metal ions (Al and Fe) in permeates were deter­mined. The application of the hybrid system, combining coagulation and ultrafiltration, offers better effects of the removal of organic pollution.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relative influence of different habitat factors on otters Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) and to develop a predictive model to better understand the distribution of the otter in Denmark. During the National Otter Survey in 1991 data were collected on 19 variables which reflected aspects of habitat structure, composition, organic pollution and human disturbance. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate probabilities of the presence of otters as a function of one or more explanatory variables. Six variables (county, pH, water depth, presence of trees, bottom substrate and Saprobien-Index) were identified. In Denmark, otter habitat typically consists of water courses with depths > 1 m over a varied bottom, with pH > 7.0, Saprobien-Index on II-III to III (indicating slight organic pollution) with no trees on the banks. Some of these variables reflect highly productive waters. The use of the otter as an indicator of good water quality and/or aquatic habitat should be used with care.
The organic pollution and the sanitary state of cooling water used in intensive fish rearing were evaluated. The study was carried out at the cage station of the Olsztyn Fish Farm located in the northeastern Mazurian Lake District of Poland. The water was sampled monthly from April 1 to September 30, 1999. Quantitative analyses included a total count of the bacteria cultured on a common agar medium at 20 and 37°C (TVC 20°C and TVC 37°C), the total count of coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC), a count of fecal streptococci (FC) and spore-forming anaerobes (Clostridium perfringens). The results obtained indicate that cage fish culture did not considerably affect the bacteriological properties of the water.
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