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The aim of the study is to show the advantages of using horses and modern horse-drawn machines in organic farming. The study presents the benefits derived from using horses in agriculture from the aspects of sustainable development. Workhorses, both in organic farming as well as on small family farms, serve as sources of renewable energy thus contributing to the protection of biodiversity. Modern horse-drawn machines and tools improve farms’ self-reliance, enhances the living standards of on-farm workers, empowers local communities and leads to job-creation. The need for further studies and analysis of the use of workhorses in aspects regarding sustainable development in Poland was also signified.
The paper aims to describe the development of organie farming in Ukrainę and the prospects of its growth based on the paradigm of innovation diffusion. The paper argues that development of organie farming in Ukraine could be considered not only as a source of positive externality for the economy, but in micro scale, as innovation that generates competitive advantages through food supply chain.
The aim of the study is to present the essence of the bio-economy, with particular emphasis on sustainable agricultural development. The attention focused on the prospects of development of organic farming as a supplier of raw materials for the production of green energy. The basis of this research was mainly critical analysis of national literature and data from the Central Statistical Office and Quality Inspection of Agricultural and Food. The data covered years 2010-2014.
Changes in organic farming between 2004 and 2010 in relation to the support under the RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013 organic farming schemes were presented in the paper. While analysing the changes, the reports on the state of organic farming in Poland published by MAFQI were used. The conducted analysis proves that introducing the support under the RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013 resulted in high dynamics of organic farms area and amount growth. The support system under the RDP 2004-2006 and RDP 2007-2013 has been a basic factor stimulating the dynamic organic farming development since 2004. The system based on high payment rates has become an efficient financial instrument strengthening the organic farming attractiveness, which reflected in growth of its quantitative characteristics. Under the RDP 2004-2006, orchards with the highest payment rates and low requirements were more popular than the other crops, which reflected in the fact that they absorbed the biggest part of organic farming support. In turn, the revised payment rates under the RDP 2007-2013 resulted in positive changes in distribution of support quotas for particular crops, especially in growth of quotas paid for agricultural and vegetable crops. One can expect that the change of the rates may cause a growth of supply and improvement of assortment offer on organic food market in future.
The theme of the development of organic farming in the EU and in Poland was taken up in the study, pointing out that organic production is an element of the EU agricultural product quality schemes. In this sense, organic production pursues the same objectives under the Common Agricultural Policy which are an integral part of all the EU systems of quality agricultural production. Within the EU, the number of organic farms increased from 124.8 thousand in 2004 to 186.2 thousand in 2010 (49.2%), while the level of organic crops increased respectively from 5.9 million hectares to 9.2 million hectares (55.9%). In Poland in 2013, there were 19,900 certified organic farms adding 6.7 thousand ones which were to undertake organic production during the so-called transition (adaptation) period. The average area of an organic farm was twice larger than that of the average size in the country. These farms occupied 1.4% of the total area of agricultural land including farms which are in the stage of transition. This area accounted for 2.0% of arable land in the country. An important part of the functioning of such farms was their certification, which implied products with logos and mandatory labelling. Financial support for organic farming was carried out within the framework of agri-environmental programmes with participation of farmers in the food quality scheme of the RDP. Between 2014–2020, additional actions related to organic farming were undertaken.
In the 21st century there are two extreme trends which influence agricultural raw material production: organic farming and the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Considering the development of production, these two technologies are widely different. It is not our aim in our present article to commit ourselves to one or the other technology but we would rather like to present the effect of the two farming methods to one another.
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Development of organic farming in Poland

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The main aim of the article is to characterize development of organic farming in Poland in 2004–2014. The research refers to aspects such as the number and structure of organic producers, the structure of ecological land and organization, and the productivity and profi tability of organic farms in comparison to conventional farms. The research shows that since the accession of Poland into the EU, the domestic organic farming sector has developed dynamically. The number of organic producers increased sevenfold in 2004–2014 and the observed changes were caused by an increase in both the number of ecological farms and organic food processing enterprises. Organic and conventional farms clearly differ in terms of organization, productivity and profi tability. Conventional farms experienced higher rates of productivity, land profi tability, and work profitability. Furthermore, the financial situation of organic farms was vastly determined by state subsidies, which constituted almost 80% of income accrued from agricultural production.
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