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The aim of this study was to verify first-order kinetic reaction rate model performance in predicting of leaching of atrazine and inorganic compounds (K+1, Fe+3, Mg+2, Mn+2, NH4 +, NO3 - and PO4 -3) from tilled and orchard silty loam soils. This model provided an excellent fit to the experimental concentration changes of the compounds vs. time data during leaching. Calculated values of the first-order reaction rate constants for the changes of all chemicals were from 3.8 to 19.0 times higher in orchard than in tilled soil. Higher first-order reaction constants for orchard than tilled soil correspond with both higher total porosity and contribution of biological pores in the former. The first order reaction constants for the leaching of chemical compounds enables prediction of the actual compound concentration and the interactions between compound and soil as affected by management system. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of simultaneous chemical and physical analyses as a tool for the understanding of leaching in variously managed soils.
The study reported here was aimed at the estimation of the effects of over 15-years of cultivation of apple trees on the physical status of soil in orchards situated on various soils. The study was conducted on soils with silty particle size distributions (a Haplic Chernozem developed from loess, a Haplic Luvisol developed from loess (1), a Haplic Luvisol (non-uniform), developed from silt (2), and a Fluvic Cambisol developed from silty formations). The determinations included the particle size distribution and the density of the soils, solid phase density, total porosity (TP), field water capacity (FC). In addition, the quality of the air-water relations was analysed, determining the values of FC/TP ratio. The study showed that the values of the parameters under analysis were affected by the soil type, genetic horizon, soil layer, and also by the intensity of orchard care. Long-term maintenance of herbicide belts had a fairly beneficial effect on the physical status of the soils under study. A slight compaction of soil was noted (in comparison with the normal consolidation system of weakly-compacted one) as well as very good water properties. It is predicted that, only at the state of field saturation of the soil with water, conditions occurred that inhibited gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere.
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