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This study has analyzed the effect of fertilization with various forms of nitrogen and sulphur on cocksfoot yield and on the content of these nutrients in the plant. The study was based on a strict experiment conducted on soil material from the arable layer of brown soil of clayey silt granulometric composition. The soil used in the experiment was characterized by slight acidity and low content of assimilable forms of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur. The results indicate that the experimental factors caused significant variation in cocksfoot yield. Significant variations in yield also occurred as a result of the interaction between these factors. The highest yields were obtained where nitrogen was applied in the liquid form (UAN-30) and sulphur was applied in the form of Na2SO4. Significant increases in yield after application of elemental sulphur were not observed until the second cut was harvested, which clearly indicates that this is a slow-acting fertilizer. Fertilization with various forms of nitrogen and sulphur also caused marked variation in total S content, total N content and N-NO3 in the plants. Total sulphur content – depending on the experimental object and on the time of harvest – ranged from 1.37 to 3.15 g S⋅kg-1, while total nitrogen content ranged from 29.06 to 38.72 g N⋅kg-1. The data obtained indicate that sulphur content in plants that were not fertilized with this nutrient was much lower than is considered optimal for grasses. This explains the effect of sulphur on yield observed in the experiment. Fertilization with sulphur also had a beneficial effect on nitrogen metabolism, manifested as a more than twofold decrease in nitrate nitrogen in the plants fertilized with sulphur.
The paper presents the results of 3-year pot experiment, aimed at defining the impact of soil moisture on selected biometric characteristics, dry matter yield and yield quality. The research covered four orchard grass cultivars, ‘Amera’, ‘Astera’, ‘Bepro’, ‘Potomac’, different in earliness, cultivated under four field water capacities (80%, 65%, 50% and 35% FWC). Tillering, leaf blade area and dry matter yield were most considerably enhanced by moderate soil moistures, 65% and 50% FWC. However the reaction to soil moisture differed across cultivars. ‘Amera’ yielded significantly highest under 50% FWC, ‘Astera’ yielded similarly under 65% and 80% FWC, ‘Bepro’ under 65% and 50%, while the highest yield of ‘Potomac’ was obtained under 65% FWC. ‘Astera’ was most prolific, developed the greatest number of shoots and the greatest leaf blade assimilation area. The soil moistures affected the contents of crude protein and water-soluble carbohydrates; the grater the soil moisture the lower the conte.
W latach 1986-1992 na glebie torfowo-murszowej badano skład gatunkowy runi z udziałem: Festuca pratensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Alopecurus pratensis i Festuca arundinacea. Wykazano, iż gatunki przewodnie mieszanek w różny sposób reagują na udział Dactylis glomerata. Reakcję ujemną wykazała Phalaris arundinacea, a dodatnią - Alopecurus pratensis. Festuca arundinacea nie reagowała na obecność Dactylis glomerata, ograniczała jednak rozwój chwastów, a mieszanki z jej udziałem dawały plony istotnie wyższe. Udział Dactylis glomerata nie powodował istotnego zróżnicowania w plonach paszy.
In two-year pot experiment carried out during vegetation periods the effects of liming (liming according to soil hydrolytic acidity) and fertilization with organic materials (activated sewage sludge from Siedlce, poultry litter, brown coal) applied to the soil with different dose of nickel (0, 100, 200 mg·kg⁻¹ soil) on the yield of orchard grass, were investigated. The yields of tested plant significantly increased under the influence of liming and application of organic materials while significantly decreased under the influence of soil contamination with nickel. The Ni contamination of soil significantly influenced in the first year of experiment when no yield was harvested. The toxic effect of nickel was significantly decreased by liming and application of poultry litter.
Copper is essential for the growth and development of plants. This micronutrient affects chlorophyll content, photosynthesis process and water relations in the plant. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of copper deficiency in soil on the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, water use efficiency, leaf greenness and the yield of selected cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). During the growing season, the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration was measured using a LI-COR 6400 gas analyzer (Portable Photosynthesis System), and leaf greenness was estimated with a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated based on instantaneous values of photosynthesis and transpiration. Dry matter yield was determined by green matter drying to constant weight at 105oC. The results of the study indicate that copper deficiency significantly decreased the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, chlorophyll concentration in leaves and the yield of all investigated cultivars. Perennial ryegrass cv. Maja was found to be most resistant to copper deficiency – it was characterized by a high rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, and by the highest chlorophyll content. The yield of cv. Maja attained under copper deficit conditions was comparable to that of other cultivars grown under control conditions.
Doświadczenie miało na celu określenie wpływu podłoża popieczarkowego i mineralnego nawożenia azotem i potasem na plon suchej masy i białka kupkówki pospolitej (Dac-tylis glomerata L.). Trzyletni eksperyment polowy, w układzie całkowicie losowym, przeprowadzono na glebie o składzie granulometrycznym piasku gliniastego lekkiego. Badanymi materiałami orga-nicznymi były przefermentowany obornik bydlęcy oraz podłoże po uprawie pieczarki. Zastosowane w doświadczeniu podłoże popieczarkowe było zasobniejsze w suchą masę i azot ogółem, mniej zasobne w węgiel organiczny, fosfor i potas ogółem w porównaniu do obornika bydlęcego. Naj-większy sumaryczny plon biomasy i białka kupkówki pospolitej w każdym roku badań zanotowano na obiekcie z podłożem popieczarkowym i większą dawką mineralnego N i K.
The study assessed the effect of various forms of sulphur (Na2S2O3, elemental S and Na2SO4) and nitrogen (UAN-30, NH4NO3) on calcium and magnesium content and uptake in spring wheat and cocksfoot. A two-year pot experiment was conducted on soil material of clayey silt granulometric composition. Before the experiment, the soil was characterized by slight acidity and low content of assimilable forms of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur. The results show that the experimental factors caused noticeable variation in the content and uptake of calcium and magnesium in spring wheat and cocksfoot. Among the sulphur fertilizers, the greatest increase in calcium and magnesium content and uptake was produced by application of sodium sulphate. The increase in calcium and magnesium uptake was more marked in the case of plants fertilized with nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate. The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the analyzed parameters also depended on the species of plant. Wheat grown in the series with ammonium nitrate was characterized by higher Ca and Mg content and uptake than plants fertilized with nitrogen in the form of liquid UAN 30. Calcium uptake by wheat fertilized with NH4NO3 was on average 15% higher for grain and 9% higher for straw compared to wheat fertilized with UAN 30. As for magnesium, the increase was 24.5% and 18%, respectively. Concerning cocksfoot, fertilization with UAN 30 had a greater affect on content and uptake of the analyzed nutrients than ammonium nitrate.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of manganese deficiency in soil on the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, water use efficiency, leaf greenness and the yield of selected cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.). During the growing season, the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration was measured using a LI-COR 6400 gas analyzer (Portable Photosynthesis System), and leaf greenness was estimated with a Minolta SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated based on instantaneous values of photosynthesis and transpiration. Dry matter yield was determined by green matter drying to constant weight at 105oC. The results of the study indicate that the response of grasses to manganese deficiency in soil was dependent on plant species and cultivar. In the present experiment perennial ryegrass cultivars showed a stronger response to manganese deficit than orchard grass cultivars. Their response involved a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, and in the chlorophyll content of leaves. Among the tested cultivars, perennial ryegrass cv. Maja was found to be most sensitive to manganese deficiency in soil, as confirmed by the highest decrease in the values of all examined parameters.
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