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Studies were carried out on the effect of various methods of storing municipal refuse upon the survival and passage of saprophytic microorganisms (TVC, Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, thermotolerants, yeasts), bacteria indicative of sanitary conditions (TC, FC, E. coli, FS, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens) and opportunistic pathogens (hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, in this Staphylococcus aureus) into leachates. Studies were made from June to October using PCV columns 105 mm in diameter and 1000 mm high, in 5 combinations: 1) permeable bottom, 2) bottom sealed with a 150 mm layer of clay, 3) bottom sealed with a 150 mm layer of fly ash, 4) permeable bottom but municipal refuse mixed with fly ash, and 5) bottom sealed with a 75 mm layer of fly ash. Bacteria counts in fresh refuse were typical of untreated municipal sewage. With the exception of thermotolerants and hemolytic streptococci, bacteria and yeast counts decreased after 143 days, although to a varying extent. Leachates from municipal refuse stored in columns in particular experimental combinations usually contained the highest numbers of microorganisms during the first 35 days. Later on their counts decreased. On the average, the lowest numbers of the microorganisms were leached from the columns sealed with a 150 mm layer of fly ash, while the highest numbers were observed in the case of columns with permeable bottom and those sealed with a 150 mm layer of clay.
Along with progress of medicine, contribution that opportunistic bacteria make in nosocomial infections increases. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are these multiresistant strains which often cause this kind of infections. But more and more frequently other genera of bacteria are isolated. The main source of them is first and foremost the hospitalized patient's endogenous flora e.g. from their skin, because transmission of bacteria from this source is very effective. Analysis was concerned with bacteria that were recovered repeatedly from the skin of young, healthy men during period of five months. Composition of resident bacteria, after removing transients was evaluated. The number of microorganisms per 1 cm² patients' skin was a constant value but different for each patient. Newly composed media enabled exact isolation and qualitative analysis of all groups of expected bacteria. Isolated microorganisms represented three main groups: sensitive to novobiocin staphylococci, microaerophilic rods from Propionibacterium genus and coryneform bacteria. Aside from quantitative differences in total bacteria number, significant differences in contribution of aerobic and anaerobic flora living on patient skin were observed. A persistent although not predominant population occurring on the skin of all patients in similar number (average 2%), were coryneform bacteria. They mainly belonged to the Corynebacterium genus, and 84.7% of them were the lipophilic species. These bacteria deserve special attention because among such species isolated from nosocomial infections, multiple antibiotic resistance of unknown origin was described.
This paper describes the first report of gill disease in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.), cultured in the Northern Adriatic near the island of Cres in Croatia. The pathological findings of cultured gilthead sea bream were examined in detail, using prompt clinical and necropsy examination, bacterial and hematological analysis. Beside yellowish-brown, swollen and clumped gills, there were no other apparent changes in the diseased fish. Bacterial analysis of these fish revealed the presence of mixed infections. The predominant bacterium from affected gills was Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Furthermore Aeromonas salmonicida masoucida/achromogenes and Empedobacter brevis were also identified. Fish with affected gills had significantly decreased serum proteins, specific weight and haematocrit compared to fish without changes of the gills.
This work comprises the results of a number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus sp. in water and bottom sediments in the Czarna Hancza River in the region of Suwalki and Wigry National Park from spring to autumn in 1996. All these microorganisms were found in smaller quantities in water, and in larger quantities in the bottom sediments in the Czarna Hancza River. Their number was generally higher than the number of faecal bacteria of Escherichia coli group both in water and bottom sediments in this river at site 1 (in Stary Brod above Suwatki) and at sites 7-10 (in Czerwony Folwark, Mackowa Ruda, Buda Ruska, Wysoki Most, to the east of Wigry Lake). Their number was close to or lower than the number of faecal bacteria of Escherichia coli group at the sites situated above and below the inflow of treated sewage from the Treatment Sewage Plant in Suwalki (2a and 2b sites), in Sobolewo (3 and 4 sites), in the region of the old river-bed of the Czarna Hancza River (5 site) and its mouth to Wigry Lake (6 site). There were fewer at the sites of sand deposits, more at the sites of clay-argillaceous deposits. In the research period they were more numerous in the second half of summer. The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus sp. should be taken into account as well as the number of the indicators bacteria of a sanitary state (total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci) while estimating the usefulness of water in the Czarna Hancza River for recreation.
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