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The definition of antibiotics and disinfectants (biocides) has been presented. Pre-existence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria was mentioned. The ability of bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance was characterized. Different mechanisms by which a bacterial population can develop resistance to one antibiotic and simultaneously to several antibiotics have been defined. It was stressed that the most frequent mechanism responsible for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by a bacterial cell is the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between a resistant bacterial strain and a susceptible one. Remarks concerning the selection of resistant bacteria against one or more antibiotics simultaneously were given. It was concluded that prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine should be obligatory, because reducing the use of these drugs is very important in controlling antibiotic resistance in bacteria, including pathogens. In the second part of the paper the resistance of bacteria to disinfectants was described. It was demonstrated that the mechanisms of bacterial resistance between antibiotics and disinfectants differ: however, similarities also exist. As in case of disinfectants, prudent use was also advised.
Przy użyciu cytometru obserwowano zmianę stopnia agregacji szczepów Enterococcus faecalis aph2"(+) pod wpływem szczepów aph2"(-), odpowiednio o niskiej i wysokiej częstości nabywania tego genu oraz odmienne efekty oddziaływań pomiędzy szczepami aph2"(+) i aph2"(-)
Infections caused by microorganisms of the Chlamydiaceae family are widespread among people and animals all over the world. Recently, however, an increased number of reports has been noted that point to the inefficacy of treatment with antibiotics known until now as a “first choice” solution. Resistance to antibiotics in Chlamydiaceae is defined as phenotypic resistance, but it may result from heterotypic resistance. As far as antimicrobial resistance is concerned, genomic islands and efflux pump mechanism may also play a role in its development. Only few laboratories have the capacity for the culture of progeny strains and the assessment of their resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the resistance of field strains to chemotherapeutics usually remains unrecognized, and the drugs applied may prove inefficacious.
Mycoplasma bovis is the smallest known bacterium that does not have a cell wall. It is therefore resistant to some antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of the cell structure. Little is known about the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in M. bovis, since it has no plasmids and there are insufficient data about the role of the biofilm formation by these bacteria. Previous studies have shown that the development of antibiotic resistance is due to gene mutations. Antibiotics generally considered as effective against M. bovis infection are macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Several recent studies, however, indicate that the efficacy of tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincosamides has diminished. Increased resistance to erythromycin, spectinomycin, and tilmicosin, antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of M. bovis infections, has also been reported. Among field strains of M. bovis no resistance or rare resistance has only been observed for enrofloxacin, florfenicol, tylosin, and tulathromycin. Considering the rapidly growing antibiotic resistance of the isolated strains of M. bovis, it is necessary to search for alternative compounds that could effectively inhibit these bacteria.
Oceniono oporność na meticylinę 120 szczepów S. aureus izolowanych z materiału klinicznego w Katedrze i Zakładzie Mikrobiologii Szpitala Uniwersyteckiego im. dr A. Jurasza CM w Bydgoszczy UMK w Toruniu z zastosowaniem metody krążkowo-dyfuzyjnej z oksacyliną (1 µg) i cefoksytyną (30 µg) oraz techniki PCR. Badania porównawcze skuteczności wymienionych metod do oceny meticylinooporności wykazały zgodność wyników w przypadku 100 badanych szczepów.
Badano wpływ skojarzonego działania sorbinianu potasowego i klarytromycyny na wzrost Helicobacter pylori na podłożu agarowym. Sam sorbinian w stężeniu 10 mg 1100 ml podłoża hamował wzrost 10% szczepów, a klarytromycyna w stężeniu 0,01 mg I ml - 15% szczepów tych bakterii. Przy połączonym działaniu obu tych substancji nie wyrosło aż 75% szczepów.
Enterococci are widely present in nature and gain entry into raw milk and milk products through equipment, unsanitary and unhygienic production and handling conditions, as well as through the water supply. This short review describes current knowledge on the positive and negative importance of enterococci in relation to the dairy industry. These bacteria are important for ripening and developing the aroma of certain cheeses, especially traditional cheeses produced in the Mediterranean area. Their influence on the sensory properties of cheeses seems due to specific biochemical traits such as proteolysis and lipolytic activity, citrate utilisation, and production of aromatic volatile compounds. In many cheeses enterococci occur as non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NS-LAB), and they are also components of cheese starter cultures. Some enterococci are also used as probiotics and have the ability to produce bacteriocins (enterocins) and inhibit growth of food spoilage or pathogenic bacteria. Enterococci may also reduce serum cholesterol levels, but on the other hand, can spoil milk products and cause bacteraemia or other infections. Virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins and haemolysin are little known. There is evidence that enterococci in food may produce thermo stable biogenic amines provoking migraine attacks and even food poisoning. Some strains of enterococci are resistant to many antibiotics such as Vancomycin. Enterococcal strains isolated from food and clinical causes have demonstrated the ability to gene transfer Vancomycin and Tetracycline resistance among Enterococcus spp. and other bacteria. The role of enterococci in disease and food poisoning has raised questions concerning their safety for use as probiotics in the dairy industry.
Celem badań było ustalenie czy wysoka oporność na aminoglikozydy wszystkich enterokoków i gronkowców izolowanych w regionie gdańskim uwarunkowane jest obecnością genu AAC(6')-APH(2")Ia. Wśród wszystkich objętych badaniami ziarenkowców stwierdzono wysoko- oporne szczepy nie posiadające tego genu.
Bacteriological infections and mycoses have recently been on the increase. They are increasingly more difficult to combat because of the ever-rising resistance of the strains to the so-far effective antibiotics. The increase in mycosis cases should not be attributed to health-care factors alone. Agriculture and food-processing industries play a huge part. The authors deal with the strategies deployed in combating fungal pathogens.
Przeprowadzono analizę retrospektywną szczepów Acinetobacter baumannii opornych na imipenem i/lub meropenem izolowanych w latach 2007-2009 z materiału od chorych leczonych w Szpitalu Uniwersyteckim nr 1 im. dr. A. Jurasza w Bydgoszczy. W okresie objętym analizą od 113 chorych izolowano 166 szczepów A. baumannii o fenotypie oporności na karbapenemy. Odnotowano w kolejnych latach wzrost odsetka szczepów opornych na imipenem i spadek - szczepów opornych na meropenem.
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