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The paper presents an improved method of determining petroleum pollutants in water based on fluorescence, which allows the oil content to be estimated with an accuracy better than 50%. The method was used to measure the oil content in Gulf of Gdańsk seawater sampled at Gdynia-Orłowo between January 2006 and September 2008. The 174 measurements made during this period ranged from 1 to 120 μg kg−1, but the majority did not exceed 20 μg kg−1. The most probable level of contamination is c. 5 μg kg−1.
In pot experiments with plants of winter rape it was demonstrated that an increased level of sulphur in soil showed, in dependence on nitrogen doses, a positive effect on seed yield, oil content in seeds and total production of oil per unit area. A statistically significant effect of N-doses on seed yields increased proportionally to the increase in the dose of nitrogen from 100% to as much as 274.9%. Increasing doses of nitrogen (N2-N4) showed a positive effect on seed yields in average this increase was 31% as compared with the lowest N-dose combined with the natural level of S in soil (SO). As compared with the non-fertilised control (SO), seed yields were statistically significantly influenced also by increasing doses of sulphur. In variants S1-S5 the average weight of seeds increased by 29.3-35.7%. Straw yields were not influenced by an increase in S-supply. Increasing doses of nitrogen showed a negative effect on oil content in seeds and the highest decrease was observed in variant N4.
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil application of the humic preparation Humistar and/or foliar application of the potassium fertilizer Drakar on biometric features, overwintering and state of nutrition, as well as the quantity and quality of winter oilseed rape yield. This study was based on a single-factorial field experiment conducted over 2006-2009 in Chrząstowo, on mesic Typic Hapludalf soil of a granulometric composition of light loam, in a randomized block design, in four replications. The effect of the following was evaluated: Humistar (12% humic acids and 3% fulvic acids), applied pre-sowing into soil, at a rate of 40 dm³·haˉ¹ (T1); Drakar (25.7% K and 3% N), applied in autumn after formation of 6 leaves (2 dm³·haˉ¹) and in spring, at the beginning of falling petals (4 l·haˉ¹) (T2); combined application of Humistar and Drakar (T3); and the control (T4). In this study has been shown that Drakar had a positive effect on seed yield of oilseed rape. The use of this fertilizer increased the chlorophyll index in the autumn and improved overwintering in relations to the control only when the earlier application of Humistar was made. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of these preparations in weak soils with low content of organic matter and nutrients.
Still very much terra incognita, grain shape has the potential to evaluate sedimentary transport, provenance, and depositional environments. There are several standard measures of grain shape. The results revealed that, the soil is non-uniformly graded with tortuous pore geometry due to overlaying layers, even though the grain size varied from granular grained size to medium grained. Therefore the soil under study is not easily moved by transporting medium. Also, there is significant effect of redox potential (ORP) on the electron availability of nitrate and the tested heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cu) were below detection limit of analytical equipment. The least reduced conditions occurred in stations; 2 (control), 3, 6, 15, 18 and 19 with minimum values of 99 to 110 mv. The absence of significant fungi populations in the soil indicates that the soils have no potential to biodegrade hydrocarbons when they are released into the environment.
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The oil content and fatty acids profile of a number of Polish wild species of rose fruits were examined by GC. The total fatty acid contents ranged from 6.5% to 12.9% of dry mass in fruits. The composition of oils was similar in the investigated species. 17 components were identified. An average composition was estimated as follows: linoleic acid (44.4-55.7%), a-linolenic acid (18.6-31.4%), oleic acid (13.5-20.3%), palmitic acid (2.3-3.3%), stearic acid (1-2.5%), octadecenoic acid (0.38-0.72%), eicosenoic acid (0.3-0.7%), eicosadienoic acid (0-0.16%), erucic acid (0.03-0.17%) and minor fatty acids. The results indicate that rose fruits are a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, especially in R. rubiginosa, R. rugosa and R. dumalis. There were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in fatty acid compositions of some species. Fatty acids were suggested to have a potential chemotaxonomic value in this genus.
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) both with CO2 and CO2/hexane has been developed as a method of analysis for lipids in cruciferous oilseed, rapeseed products and lupin. The SFE procedure used for quantitative determination of oil was compared to traditional Soxhlet oil extraction. The quantitative values obtained with SFE were equal to those obtained with the Soxhlet procedure with respect to oil and fat contents. The oil obtained by SFE had a much lower phosphorus content (below 14 mg/kg compared to 200-530 mg/kg in oil obtained with Soxhlet). When adding hexane to the supercritical fluid in concentrations varying from 50 to 150 mL/L CO2, the solubility of oil in the fluid could be raised up to 600%, from about 30 mg/g without addition of modifier to nearly 200 mg/g when using continuous addition of 150 mL hexane/ L CO2. The phosphorus content was still lower than in oil from Soxhlet (20-64 mg/kg). Therefore, extraction of oil with SFE opens the possibility for selective removal of oil before separate extraction and determination of amphiphilic compounds, e.g. phospholipids. The carotenoid and chlorophyl content in different oils from SFE and Soxhlet were evaluated by UV-VIS determinations. The presence of other amphiphilic compounds was verified and sinapic acid was found to be a quantitatively dominating phenolic compound.
The term xenia was coined to describe the effect of foreign pollen on the development and characters of the seed. To study its importance and consequences for various seed traits in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the effect of pollen genotype on seed and embryo weight was studied with seeds from 15 F₁ hybrids. Cross-fertilization changed seed weight by up to 7.0% in relation to self-fertilization. Xenia effect significantly increased embryo weight of cross-fertilized seeds, by up to 14.4% in comparison to self-fertilized seeds. Seeds of some crosses had a lower hull content than corresponding selfed seeds. On average, the xenia effect was greater for embryo weight than for seed weight. However, in some crosses there was no difference between cross- and self-fertilized seeds for seed weight, embryo weight, moisture content and hull content. Positive xenia effects for seed weight and embryo weight may help us to establish uniform stands of vigorous hybrid seedlings, especially under unfavourable conditions. Also, larger seed and embryo weight, along with lower hull content, could result in higher oil yield. Therefore, careful choosing of genotypes as parents and of cross direction in the production of hybrid seed is very important in cotton.
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