Vaccine candidates against Nipah and Hendra viruses, recently emerging zoonotic threats. Renewed interest in the possibility that the proteins causing neurodegeneration are all prions. Bright and dark sites of complement system. A noninflammatory humoral factor of the coagulation cascade, FX binds to the surface of adenovirus and triggers activation of innate immunity. NLRP6 receptor is a negative regulator of innate immunity against bacterial pathogens. The lung can serve as a location where autoreactive T cells become reactivated and gain the competence to enter the CNS. Reactivation of anticancer activity of T cells by blocking PD-1 (programmed cel death - 1) on their surface.
The paper presents the results of resistance test of two heartwood species Erythrophleum fordii Oliv. (Fabaceae, Fabales) and Hopea pierrei Hance (Dipterocarpaceae, Malvales.). These species are listed in the IUCN red book, with the status ‘endengrended’ (E. fordii) and ‘vulnerable’ (H. pierrei). The wood was collected in Hue (Vietnam) during the conservation mission. Verification of the tree species were carried out microscopically. The research was carried out in relation to subterranean termites (Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis de Feyteaud) feeding. The results for the two tested species of wood were comped to the resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood and of European oak (Quercus robur L.) heartwood. The experiment was carried out according to the methodology described in ASTM D 3345−08 standard under conditions of coercive test. A different stages of wood damage were found. In the case of heartwood of E. fordii and H. pierrei wood were sound with nibbles surface. The heartwood of European oak was lightly attacked. The sapwood of Scots pine was degraded in the rate between heavy and failure. Mortality of termites in wood was: 100% for E. fordii and H. pierrei 100%, 67−99% (3 samples) and 100% (2 samples) for Q. robur, and 0−33% for P. sylvestris.
DNA Bacterial genomes contain many more unmethylated CpG (cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine) dinucleotides than those of vertebrates. This difference in the genome structure allows the innate immune system of vertebrates to distinguish bacterial DNA from self-DNA. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that contain CpG motifs (CpG ODNs) can mimic bacterial DNA and consequently induce various types and levels of immune responses. Synthetic ODNs CpG stimulates the innate immune system, activates non-specific anti-microbial defense systems, and sensitizes antigen-presenting cells to mount both antibody and cell- -mediated immunity against specific antigens. A better understanding of CpG recognition at the molecular level is fundamental to subsequent immunological response which would allow the optimization and application of CpG motifs as therapeutic agents and adjuvants for numerous diseases. It is to be hoped that CpG ODN treatment of animals could also provide a cost-effective alternative to antibiotics by increasing resistance to disease-causative pathogens.