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The chapter presents the role of the environmental impact assessment system in force in Poland, both the strategic environmental impact assessment, and the assessment of the environmental impact of planned projects, in the protection of valuable environmental resources, such as arable and forest land. Participation in this procedure of government administration boards (as organs conducting or co-operating), specialized in the field of environmental protection, contributes to the protection of agricultural and forest land. Achieving the objectives set for the protection of agricultural and forest land is ensured, inter alia, in the legal regulations of the planning procedure, making it possible to limit the use of this land for other purposes. The procedure of environmental impact assessments indirectly contributes to this protection, however, in order to increase the compatibility of legal provisions and minimize uncontrolled often pressure on these valuable environmental resources, the provisions regulating the impact of the implementation of urbanization plans (planning and investment) should be regulated in more detail in this range.
The subject of this study is to indicate the scope of protection of public interest towards agricultural and forest land as well as the limits of individual interest, which limits also the public interest. The development of agricultural and forest land, with is not an axiologically indifferent matter, therefore it does not depend only on the will of the land owner. The analysis of the Act on the protection of agricultural and forestry land of February 3, 1995, supported by the case-law of administrative courts and the Supreme Court of the year, allows to state that public interest is in favor of protecting agricultural and forest land. However, this does not allow to leave an individual interest outside the scope of protection, while the tools for protection of the public interest should be located within public law, an individual interest additionally requires using instruments in the field of civil law. The relation of public interest to the individual interest was presented in the aspect of limiting the allocation of land for non-agricultural and non-forestry purposes, in the aspect of excluding agricultural or forest land from production, in the aspect of preventing land degradation and their reclamation. The considerations in this study did not aspire to an exhaustive presentation of the issue, which is why they may be a contribution to further reflection on the essence of public interest in agricultural and forestry grounds and on the relationship between this interest and the sphere of individual interest.
Japan is a forest rich country. Forests cover 67% of the land area. Because of the steep topography, forests on the slopes are very important for landslide protection and soil erosion control as well as water holding function. Therefore, the Japanese people have been making great efforts to sustain the forest and natural vegetation. At the same time, places suitable for residential and arable land are limited, and agricultural areas cover only 12% of the land. Conservation of agricultural and forest land has been one of the most important policy issues in the history of this country. The authors describe the features of land use and historical development of several legislations related to the conservation of agricultural and forest land in Japan.
Natural resources (water, earth, forests, minerals etc.) are subject to regulations and legal protection within the environment protection legal system. The agricultural and forest lands constitute such a resource. Its protection is governed by the Act on protection of agricultural and forest lands. In accordance therewith, mainly the productive capacity of these lands is subject to protection. On the other hand, the Act on protection of the environment covers the protection of natural resources of each kind, although characterised by particular and distinguishing environmental and landscape values. Therefore, it constitutes a particular regulation that, apart from implementation of protective objectives set forth therein (e.g. protection of biodiversity or landscape), has a significant influence on protection of, among others, agricultural and forest lands. Therefore, this Act constitutes a particular example of regulation justifying the legislator’s intervention in the individual rights protected by the Constitution. Despite that, both the legislator and the administrative courts seem not to see this fact, since the Act on protection of the lands sometimes provides for a more extensive intervention in these rights, which seems to raise fewer doubts in the jurisprudence of these courts.
The values relating to the protection of agricultural and forest land are included in the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, the Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Land, the Act on Forests, but also in other material regulations. Each of the values located in individual legal provisions, considered separately, is very important for the functioning of a democratic state of law. However, sometimes the simultaneous realization of these values is impossible and causes a conflict of values, also known as the so-called axiological antinomy. This chapter will present situations concerning the emergence of the indicated axiological antinomies in the context of the implementation of protection of agricultural and forest land, as well as solutions adopted on this background, supported by the direction of judicature and legal doctrine.
Nadmierna jest w ostatnich dekadach powierzchnia ziemi rolniczej przepływającej do działów pozarolniczych. W latach 1946-2009 powierzchnia gruntów użytkowanych rolniczo zmniejszyła się z 20,4 do 16,1 mln ha, tj. o około 4 mln ha, a w tym w latach 1995-2009 o 1,8 mln ha. W tym czasie grunty formalnie wyłączone na cele nierolnicze i nieleśne, tzn. za które pobrano należności i opłaty, objęły areał 40 tys. ha. W latach 1995-2009 ubyło więc 1,8 mln ha, a należności i opłaty pobrano za 40 tys. ha. Problem ubytku gruntów rolnych dotyczy również jakości gleb wyłączanych z upraw rolniczych. Wbrew intencjom i zabiegom ustawowym, wyłącza się największy procent gleb dobrych a najmniejszy procent gleb słabych. Proces wyłączania użytków rolnych z produkcji dokonuje się poza kontrolą. Brak jest oceny tego zjawiska.
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