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Autor stwierdza, że budowane w Polsce oczyszczalnie ścieków oparte są na nowoczesnych technologiach, uzyskiwane wyniki stopnia oczyszczania ścieków nie odbiegają od wielkości podawanych w literaturze, a jakość wód powierzchniowych nie jest zadowalająca. Wielu specjalistów uzasadnia postępującą eutrofizację wód powierzchniowych płynących i stojących spływami azotu i fosforu z powierzchni pól uprawnych. Zużycie nawozów mineralnych w Polsce w ostatnich latach jest stosunkowo niskie w porównaniu z krajami ościennymi, a jakość wód jest niższa. Zadaje pytanie: gdzie znajduje się przyczyna tego zjawiska?
W artykule przedstawiono badania skuteczności homogenizacji śmietanek UHT. Badania przeprowadzono dwiema metodami. Pierwsza to tradycyjna metoda mikroskopowa a druga -wykorzystująca komputerową analizę obrazu.
The study focuses on how to improve the potency and efficacy of a vaccine against CyHV-3 in carp fingerlings. The study material comprised the KoVax vaccine (Israel) applied through immersion (1 ml of vaccine diluted in 10 l of water) and 1 kg of carp fingerlings with individual weights of about 10 g. The immersion time was 40 minutes at different temperatures (16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C). After 21 days, 50 fish from each temperature variant were infected experimentally through injections of CyHV-3 isolated from Polish carp at the same temperatures, and 50 fish were infected likewise from each group and held at a temperature of 22°C. The control group comprised fish that had only been vaccinated. The fish were held in tanks with a volume of 500 l (100 fish per tank) and were fed daily with commercial pellets. Mortality was tabulated and monitored, and the presence of the pathogen was confirmed through isolation from the gills and pronephros. The results of the study indicated that the temperature at vaccination is very important for achieving protection from CyHV-3. The highest mortality was observed in fish vaccinated at 16°C and then infected with live virus at 22°C (80%) in comparison to the group of fish vaccinated at 18°C (68%) or 20°C (40%). The fish vaccinated and infected at similar temperatures presented different levels of protection against CyHV-3. Mortality was the lowest at 22°C (20%), in comparison to that at 16°C (32%), 18°C (40%), or 20°C (38%).
Strategies of development of higher education in the European countries refer, in their vast majority, to intensification of ties of the sector of high schools with the business environment. Reasons for this phenomenon are different: from the necessity to ensure financing scientific research in many areas of science to approximation of curricula at the higher level to the changing needs of the labour market. This trend becomes noticeable in the Polish market for educational and research services at the higher level, whereat traditionally it concerns, in a higher degree, technical education (technical universities) than economic education. The presented in the article results of research allow to assess readiness of the milieu of workers of Polish high schools to initiate, retain and develop their mutual relationships with the environment of entrepreneurs in the years to come.
The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of immersion vaccination against yersinosis of juvenile rainbow trout. Juvenile rainbow trout of various body weights were studied each time, as follows: 4-5 g, 10-12 g, 20-22 g, 50-55 g. The fish were held in tanks in an oxygenated water recirculating system at a temperature of 12°C, and then 300 fish from each group were segregated by weight into three groups of 100 individuals. The fish were immersed for about 30 seconds in the vaccines Yersivac and AquaVac ERM. The control group comprised fish that were not vaccinated. Sixty days after vaccination, all of the groups were exposed experimentally to the pathogenic bacteria Yersinia ruckeri by intraperitoneal injection, and the number of fish deaths was registered. The survival rate in all of the fish groups vaccinated by immersion in Yersivac was similar at about 95%, while survival in the groups of fish that were not vaccinated was 15-25%, depending on the weight of the fish. Comparative studies indicated that auto-vaccination with the Polish vaccine resulted in higher resistance against Y. ruckeri than did that with the imported vaccine AquaVac ERM, following the administration of which survival was 78-85%, depending on the body weight of the vaccinated fish.
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