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The significant genetic progress, as being achieved over the recent several decades in the field of performance of farm animals must be accompanied by the improvement of their management and utilization conditions. To this end, in the seventies of the 20th century, the term “welfare” became employed as the reaction to improper treatment of livestock in the course of intensive management system, based on automated processes modeled on the solutions, used in the industry. The employed management system resulted in occurrence of many irregularities in a form of decrease of productivity level and health state of animals as well as occurrence of behavioural disorders in the animals. They lead to material losses and are also the reason for pain and suffering of livestock. For this reason, the issues related to animal welfare are important both for the farmers as well as for general public. Due to ethical reasons, the consumers wish to buy the products obtained from the animals, kept in the conditions, ensuring high level of welfare. Easy and, at the same time, objective indices for the assessment of animal welfare are still being sought.
The objective of the work was to present animal welfare in terms of evaluation criteria and methods. It is difficult to point to a basic criterion of evaluating welfare which is easy to apply. As a result, welfare is assessed by means of many indicators including behavioural, physiological, health and production indicators in addition to supplementary parameters (technical and technological housing parameters and zoohygienic conditions). The more indicators are taken into account, the more precise and objective welfare evaluation is. The most important criterion in animal welfare evaluation is animal behaviour. In practice, the above-mentioned indicators are called objective (clinical and laboratory diagnosis, behavioural and zoohygienic methods, statistical analyses) and subjective methods (current observations of animals). Criteria and methods applied to evaluate animal welfare make it possible to select optimal solutions for animals which assure the highest level of welfare.
The paper presents dairy cattle farmers’ opinions about animal welfare. Data used in the study were collected using questionnaire interviews in 109 farms in the Mazowieckie and Podlaskie Voivodeships. It covered issues such as: definition of welfare, evaluation of conditions in cowsheds and farms, using pasture and open run and the measures taken to raise level of animal welfare. It was found that farmers’ awareness was relatively high and that they ensured a high level of animal welfare on their farms.
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