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The attention recently being paid to strain induction of oxidative stress has resulted in numerous studies, conducted mainly on sportsmen and laboratory animals, the majority of which focused on performing tests during a strenuous endurance effort (15, 31, 41, 54). As a consequence, the disturbance of the pro-oxidative/ anti-oxidative balance has been noted, which in most cases was manifested by a drop of activity of the main anti-oxidative enzymes in erythrocytes and muscle cells (65, 68), as well as an increase in content of products of lipid peroxidation in blood (11, 15, 58, 68). In spite of some discrepancies between them, the results of the research so far seem to indicate that the level of oxidative stress remains closely connected with the intensity and duration of physical strain (20, 42, 62). The aim of the paper was to present the impact of physical effort on the induction of oxidative stress in horses and to describe the features of anti-oxidative protection, in spite of some discrepancies between them, of the organism.
The effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on spermatozoa can be twofold. Depending on their concentration, moment of activity, and exposure time, ROS can be an essential element in modulating many physiological processes or a cause of serious damage to the gametes. ROS of the greatest importance to the quality of semen are superoxide anion O₂⁻˙ and hydrogen peroxide – H₂O₂. Trace amounts of these compounds are essential for such processes as sperm maturation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and the fusion of the sperm with the oocyte. Their excess results in the development of oxidative stress, which significantly reduces the quality of sperm through the peroxidation of lipids, proteins, and other elements of cellular structure. The antioxidative system of semen limits the negative effects of oxidative stress on sperm. The proper function of the reproductive system and successful fertilization depend on maintaining a delicate balance between the amount of ROS and the activity of the antioxidant system.
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