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The results of epidemiological and "balance" trials concerning calcium and phosphorus intake in different population groups in different ages are presented in this paper. On the grounds of collected information from trials aforesaid, as well as from other publications concerning phosphorus and calcium nutritional recommendations , the updating of those recommendations for Polish are proposed. Changes refer mainly to increased calcium and phosphorus intake among adolescents of both sexes, aged 10-18 years. For adults aged 26-50 and 60 and over, the increase of calcium intake and the reduction of phosphorus intake is proposed. The group of menopausal women is separated in the publication. For them the calcium intake level is proposed according to hormonal substitution therapy used or not by them. For adults aged 60 and over increase of calcium intake is proposed. It is stressed in the paper that increased calcium intake can prevent osteoporosis regardless of age.
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In this necessarily short review several physiological mechanisms influencing daily food intake have been presented. In the postabsorptive state the feeling of hunger is developing in our central nervous system, what stimulates the voluntary food intake. As it has been mentioned, all information coming to the hypothalamus from the digestive tract on the filling of the stomach and intestine and from the blood on the concentration of several metabolites, hormones and neurotransmitters, are integrated and coordinated there and adequate stimuli are going out for stopping the eating; some postprandial state characterizing the satiation is developing then. If the food intake is slightly higher than the daily energy expenditure, the metabolic rate is accelerated and heat losses from the body are augmented, what is possible by the stimulation of oxidation processes in the brown adipose tissue. As a result of an integration of all these mechanisms, the body weight of an adult man can be maintained at the same level during many years.
The aim of the study was to assess the mode of nutrition of endurance athletes in view of the Polish recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and special recommendations for athletes. In total, 142 male and 83 female athletes, members of sport clubs or pupils of sport-oriented schools, participated in the study The mode of nutrition was assessed from 24 h dietary recalls for the preceding day. The intakes of energy, selected vitamins and minerals in daily rations were computed by using a specially designed software. Daily energy intake by male subjects corresponded to the mean demand of the group while protein intake exceeded the "safe level of intake" by 58-96%, depending on subjects' age. The itakes of vitamins and minerals were adequate. Energy intake by female subjects was by 15-20% lower from the mean demand and this was also reflected in inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals (especially calcium and iron) which could have affected the work capacity.
The experiment, carried out in the aquarium room of the Faculty of Marine Fisheries and Food Technology, involved 72 carp juveniles. The fish were kept in 6 aquaria for 12 weeks without food. Levels of crude protein, AspAT and AlAT activities, levels of glucose, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and its fractions as well as body weight reduction and body composition were analysed. Starvation was found to significantly affect the crude protein level and AspAT activity as well as the blood levels of glucose, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and its fraction and the body chemical composition. The significant changes occurred both in relation to the initial status of the fish and between successive stages of the experiment.
Dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącej zmian percepcji sensorycznej u osób starszych i ich znaczenia żywieniowego. Zmiany w chemopercepcji zachodzące z wiekiem, zarówno w kategoriach intensywności jak i hedonicznych mają istotny wpływ na wybór żywności oraz fizjologię żywienia. Zmiany te objawiają się obniżeniem wrażliwości, zdolności rozpoznawania bodźców smakowych i zapachowych oraz przesunięciem optymalnie pożądanych ich natężeń. Wielkość tych zmian z wiekiem jest specyficzna w odniesieniu do różnej jakości bodźców oraz indywidualnie wysoce zróżnicowana. Znaczna niejednolitość metodyki prac eksperymentalnych w tym zakresie powoduje trudności w ilościowym oszacowaniu wymienionych zjawisk.
Badano zawartość kwasów tłuszczowych w tkankach szczurów otrzymujących diety wzbogacone różnymi olejami. Wykazano, że u zwierząt otrzymujących w diecie relatywnie podwyższoną ilość kwasu linolowego, narastalo stężenie kwasu arachidonowego, zaś obecność w diecie kwasów eikozapentaenowego (EPA) i dokozaheksaenowego ( DHA) prowadziła do wzrostu ich stężenia w badanych lipidach, wpływając jednocześnie na spadek ilości kwasu arachidonowego.
The purpose of the study was the assessment of the intensity of peroxidation processes during experimental hypercholesterolaemia and the comparison of the antioxidative action of beta-carotene with that of vitamins C and E. The experiment was cairied out on 50 guinea pigs receiving a diet containing 0.2% of cholesteroli A part of the animals received additionally beta-carotene (50 mg per 100 g of lhe diet), another part was given vitamin E (10 mg/ 100 g of the diet), vitamin C (500 mg/100 g of the diet) and beta-carotene (50 mg/ 100 g of the diet). Histological examinations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta demonstrated in hypercholesterolemia animals a significant reduction of lipid infiltrations in the group receiving supplements of these vitamins. Beta-carotene was found to inhibit the development of atherosclerotic lesion in the same degree as all three antioxidative vitajnins ailmitiislered jointly. In biochemical investigations it was shown that the administration of beta-carotene or the complex of antioxidative vitamins inhibited in the same degree the rise of TBA-IiS produced by high-cliolesterol diet. The study confirmed also a positive correlation between TBA-RS concentration an the activity of CK and CK-MB enzymes. The presence of vitamin C and E in the atherogenic diet exerted a more beneficial effect than beta-carotene on the distribution of cholesterol in HDL and LDL fractions.
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