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Dimethoxytritylphosphono-oligonucleotide conjugates have been prepared. They are totally resistant to nucleases present in human serum and do not affect cleavage of a complementary oligoribonucleotide by RNase H. Conjugates possessing a phosphate backbone gave better antisense inhibition of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 within endothelial cells as compared with unconjugated oligonucleotides.
The sequential generation of large-scale DNA fragments followed by internucleosomal chromatin fragmentation is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. One of the nucleases primarily responsible for genomic DNA fragmentation during apoptosis is called DNA Fragmentation Factor 40 (DFF40) or Caspase-activated DNase (CAD). DFF40/CAD is a magnesium-dependent endonuclease specific for double stranded DNA that generates double strand breaks with 3'-hydroxyl ends. DFF40/CAD is activated by caspase-3 that cuts the nuclease's inhibitor DFF45/ICAD. The nuclease preferentially attacks chromatin in the internucleosomal linker DNA. However, the nuclease hypersensitive sites can be detected and DFF40/CAD is potentially involved in large-scale DNA fragmentation as well. DFF40/CAD-mediated DNA fragmentation triggers chromatin condensation that is another hallmark of apoptosis.
The DFF40/CAD endonuclease is primarily responsible for internucleosomal DNA cleavage during the terminal stages of apoptosis. It has been previously demonstrated that the major HMG-box-containing chromatin proteins HMGB1 and HMGB2 stimulate naked DNA cleavage by DFF40/CAD. Here we investigate the mechanism of this stimulation and show that HMGB1 neither binds to DFF40/CAD nor enhances its ability for stable binding to DNA. Comparison of the stimulatory activities of different truncated forms of HMGB1 protein indicates that a structural array of two HMG-boxes is required for such stimulation. HMG-boxes are known to confer specific local distortions of DNA structure upon binding. Interestingly, the presence of DNA strand cross-links formed by cisplatin or transplatin, which may somehow mimic distortions induced by HMG-boxes, also affects DNA cleavage by the nuclease. The data presented suggest that changes induced in DNA conformation upon HMG-box binding makes the substrate more accessible to cleavage by DFF40/CAD nuclease and thus may contribute to preferential linker DNA cleavage during apoptosis.
It has been recently recognized that lectins exhibit other activities besides hemagglutination. Previously we have found that purified lectin from Chelidonium majus showed DNase activity (Fik, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak & Kedzia, 1995, Herba Polon. 41, 84-95). Comparison of lectin and DNase from the sap from leaves and roots of Chelidonium majus proved that both these compounds are composed of 24kDa monomer subunits which have an identical N-terminal sequence but differ in amino-acid composition and degree of glycosylation. Possible interrelationship between lectin and DNase is discussed.
A two-step procedure including affinity chromatography for purification of rye germ ribosomal nuclease that degrades double-stranded RNA from a virus of Penicillium chrysogenum and the poly(I).poIy(C) complex was developed. The specific activity towards poly(I).poly(C) of the obtained nuclease preparations was 30 times as high as that of ribosomes. The recovery of activity was 3.4% when the Octyl-Sepharose column was used, and 2.0% in the case of the Phenyl-Sepharose column. On polyacrylamide/SDS gel electrophoresis the nu­clease was resolved into two proteins of molecular mass 62 kDa and 57 kDa, respectively. 2-Mercaptoethanol and Mn2+ stimulated the activity of the puri­fied enzyme. Glycerol (20%-50% concentration) stabilized enzyme. In addition to activity towards dsRNA and ssRNA the enzyme cleaves native and denatured DNA. It is suggested that this type of a nuclease takes part in regulation of the mRNA level in cytoplasm.
Na podstawie piśmiennictwa omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące śmierci komórkowej, a zwłaszcza apoptozy i jej genetycznych uwarunkowań oraz rolę tego procesu w stanach fizjologicznych i patologicznych komórki.
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