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На легкой супеси в 1976 - 1982 гг. проводился опыт учитывающий следующие варианты: 1) традиционная обработка и гербициды, 2) нулевая обработка и гербицида, 3) традиционная обработка без гербицидов, 4) нулевая обработка без гербицидов. С 1978 г. наблюдалось засорение очередных культур севооборота. В озимий пшенице и овсе не установлено существенных изменений популяции сорняков из-за отсутствия обработки. В яровой пшенице наблюдалось сильное засорение необработанных объектов пыреем. Применение Раундана после пшеницы перед посевом ржи привело к этимированию Agropyron repens, который, однако, появился вновь на следующий год в овсе. Наблюдалась компенсация Apera spica-venti под влиянием зернового севооборота и минимальной обработки. Нулевая обработка при отсутствии гербицидов привела к очень сильному засорению и резкому росту числа многолетних сорняков, особенно Agropyron repens.
In the first two years of study, method of cultivation did not affect the emergence of cucumber seedlings. In the third year, a drought occurring during the spring was the cause of poor seedling emergence on no-tilled plots. Six weeks after seed sowing, the shoots of cucumbers grown on the no-tilled plots were much shorter, especially in the last study year. At the time of cucumber seed sowing, no-tilled soil contained less phosphorus and potassium and in the middle of the fructification period the content of these elements in cucumber leaves was higher under no-tillage cultivation. Additional spring fertilization of rye with ammonium nitrate resulted in a higher N-NO3 content in soil and later in a higher nitrogen content of cucumber leaves. The content of calcium and magnesium in soil and than in cucumber leaves was independent of the cultivation method. In the first two years, method of cultivation did not affect the yield of cucumber fruits and in the third year the yield was much lower under no-tillage because of poor seedling emergence. Moreover, in the third year the fruits were smaller and dry matter content of the fruit was significantly higer under no-tillage cultivation.
Field experiment was conducted in the years 1998-2000 in GD Felin. The influence of no-tillage cultivation and conventional tillage with spring ploughing on weed infestation of anion was compared. In experiment four cover crop mulches (Sinapis alba L., Vicia sativa L., Phacelia tanacetifolia B., Avena sativa L.) were applied. Fram annual weeds in weed infestation of onion in great number Matricaria chamomilla L., and Senecio vulgaris L. stepped out, and from perennial - Agropyron repens (L.) P.B. Reduced soil cultivation system (no-tillage) caused the significant growth of primary weed infestation of onion in comparison with conventional tillage. In all years of investigations the executed pre-sowing ploughing limited significantly the annual weeds' number in primary weed infestation. The applied mulches from cover plants limited in considerable degree the number of primary weed infestation. In all years of investigations the most weeds stepped out on control object. Among investigated cover crop mulches Vicia sativa L. and Avena sativa L. had a profitable effect on decrease of anion' s primary weed infestation. Soil cultivation system and cover crop mulches had no significant residual influence on the secondary weed infestation of onion.
No-tillage cultivation using cover crops is an important part of sustainable horticulture, however there are only few date on this subject related to ‘Hamburg’ parsley. In two years` field experiment no-tillage cultivation using white mustard as a cover crop did not affect germination of ‘Hamburg’ parsley cv. Alba but further growth of no-tilled plants was slower. Yield of no-tilled plants with leaves was lower and the share of leaves in this yield was higher. Roots of no-tilled parsley were shorter and of lower weight, their yield was also lower but their health status was better. No-tillage did not have a negative effect on content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in parsley leaves. No-tilled roots contained dry matter, total sugars and essential oils more and the content of L-ascorbic acid and of monosaccharides did not depend on cultivation method. No-tilled soil covered with mustard mulch was more moist, less porous and of higher bulk density. Mustard mulch controlled annual weeds in interrows well but it did not control weeds germinating in rows where parsley was seeded. Control of wintering and winter hard weeds was dependent on biomass produced by mustard plants.
In recent years the increase in no-tillage agriculture has resulted in the increase of total herbicide Glyphosate. This is the consequences of breeding of Glyphosate resistant plant. Glyphosate (a P-containing compound) behaves like other P-components in the soil and therefore it is bound to soil Fe-hydroxides. This will result in the formation of bound residues and enrichment in the soil is very likely. The use of Bt toxin (a toxin directed mostly against the European Corn Borer) produced by genetically modified plants will lead to a change in composition of soil organic matter. The Bt toxins are proteins and bound to the outer surface of soil mineral aggregates. They compete with the soil humic substances for binding sites. This results in a complex binding behaviour and the formation of bound residues as all other proteinaceous materials.
A 3-year field experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed treatment (Raxil 060 FS and Raxil 060 FS + Latitude 125 FS) and plowing down stubble crop (white mustard) on wheat infestation by root and stem base diseases. Wheat was growninthe same field for two consecutive years with two tillage systems: conventional and no-tillage. The occurrence of root and stem base diseases was significantly reduced due to additional seed treatment with Latitude 125 FS (siltiofam). This suggested the presence of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier in disease complex. The occurrence of infection was reduced to a lesser extent by soil tillage and plowing down stubble crop. These additional agronomic practices resulted in significant grain yield increase of wheat, on the average 13.8% after seed treatment with Raxil 060 FS + Latitude 125 FS, and 8.3% after plowing down white mustard. Grain yield and thousand grain weight of winter wheat were strongly negatively correlated with a degree of stem infestation, but they were not significantly dependent on root infestation. This indicated on a significant role of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides [Fron.] Deighton in pathogenesis. Effectiveness of both regenerative practices was slightly lower under no-tillage than under conventional tillage treatment with plough.
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