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1

Analysis of water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat grown under mildly dry conditions

100%
Faber A., Jarosz Z., Rutkowska A.
Polish Journal of Agronomy
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2016
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nr 26
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in crops of winter wheat is of interest in Poland, due to their significant share in the sown area. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the relationships between grain (Yd) and N yields (Yn), NUE, Water Use Efficiency (WUE) depending on N rates (F) and actual potential evapotranspiration (APET). The study used the results of field experiments, conducted in the years 2003–2013 in two locations in Poland. In the experiments, wheat was fertilized with doses of 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg N/ha under the fertilization with P, K, Mg and Ca. It was found that the dose range of 80 ± 40 kg N/ha allowed to obtain Yd of 5.34 ± 1.43 t/ha and NUE values of 116 ± 17%, which brought the risk of soil N mining. Increasing N doses (160 ± 40 kg/ha) increased Yd (6.08 ± 0.71 t/ha) and allowed for obtaining the desired values of NUE (73 ± 5%), Yn (119 ± 18 kg/ha) and N surplus (43 ± 13 kg/ha). The performed statistical analysis showed that Yd, Yn and WUE had grown with increasing doses of N under the influence of water shortages in the range of APET less than 398 mm. Under these conditions positive interaction between Yd, Yn, WUE depending on F and APET has been demonstrated. Only for a dose of 200 kg N/ha were found negative interactions between Yd, WUE on F and APET. NUE decreased with increasing N doses. The relationship between NUE and WUE was positive but specific for N doses due to the statistically significant interaction of F×WUE. The maximum value of WUE obtained in the experiments was 26 kg grain/ha/mm. In the absence of limiting factors WUE increased linearly together with growing NUE up to the value of 93.9% and then linearly decreased. In the range of the desired NUE values (50–90%), WUE values were between 16,4–23,5 kg grain/ha/mm.
2

The relationships between nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen input in crop production in Poland

100%
Faber A., Jarosz Z., Kopinski J., Matyka M.
Polish Journal of Agronomy
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2016
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nr 26
The study attempted to characterize Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), nitrogen yield (Yn), and N balance (Nb = N surplus) depending on the dose of the total N fertilization (F = N dose in mineral fertilizers, natural fertilizers, or N from deposition). The study included basic crops in Poland in the years 1999–2014. The determination of the relationships between Yn, NUE, Nb, depending on F was performed using the elements of the methodology proposed by Lassaletta et al. (2014). The evaluation of differences between the optimal NUE and the NUE obtained in this study was carried out using the lower limits of the optimal NUE = 70–90%, as proposed tentatively by the EU NEP (2014). The study indicates that in the period of 1999–2014, NUE of basic crops in Poland increased, achieving the weighted average value of 55%. This value was significantly decreased by low NUE of permanent grasslands (42%), which have the largest share (20.3%) in the structure of land use in Poland. It would, therefore, be recommendable to increase NUE on grasslands. The omission of permanent grassland in the analysis increased the weighted average NUE for basic crops on arable lands to the value of 60%. There were no differences found in the weighted average NUE values in the case of more intensive (60%) and more extensive (60%) crops. Assuming that there is a need to increase NUE to the lower level of the optimal value (70%), we concluded, on the basis of our results and discussion, that the most effective way to achieve it would be to improve the NUE of more intensive crops, especially of wheat, triticale and barley. These plants achieve higher grain yields, Yn, Ymax, and Yn gap. They also have a larger share in the crop structure in comparison with more extensive crops.
3

Nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat on farms in Poland

84%
Faber A., Jarosz Z., Jadczyszyn T.
Polish Journal of Agronomy
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2016
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nr 26
Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in cereal cultivation is of high importance for providing nutrition for the growing population in the world while at the same time reducing the overburdening of the environment with the non-productive excess of reactive nitrogen. Wheat is one of the most vital cereals in human and animal nutrition worldwide. In this study, NUE, N yields (Yn) and N surplus (Nb) of wheat were estimated on the basis of a random survey of 1182 winter wheat growing farms in Poland. The purpose was to characterize the practices of N fertilization on the tested farms, and to identify potential possibilities for improving NUE in winter wheat production in Poland. The assessment of NUE, Yn and Nb was based on the methodology tentatively proposed by the EU Nitrogen Expert Panel (EU NEP). In the entire population of farms, the median and median absolute deviation of the tested characteristics were as follows: N dose 114 ± 30 kg N/ha, NUE 89 ± 18%, Yn 100 ± 15 kg N/ha, and Nb 12 ± 23 kg N/ha. The estimated range of NUE (71–107%) indicated that in a part of the farms, NUE was larger than 100%, which means the risk of N soil mining. Such high values were recorded in approximately 50% of the farms, and may undermine the long-term sustainability of wheat production. If NUE in these farms was to achieve the desirable values of 70–90%, the N doses applied would have to increase from 104±19 to 134±20 kg N/ha. It would result in an increase of grain yield from 4.80 ± 0.8 to 6.00 ± 0.8 t/ha and of N yield from 91 ± 15 to 113 ± 16 kg N/ha.
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