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Nitrite and nitrate residues measured in veterinary laboratories and in the Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute are summarised. Measurements were done according to Polish Standards. Mean nitrate and nitrite concentrations (13380 samples) ranged from 15.0 ± 10.6 to 49.9 ± 71.0 μg/kg, and from 15.5 ± 15.5 to 64.1 ± 38.7 μg/kg, respectively. The residue limit (125 mg/kg) was exceeded in 3.3% of examined samples.
Spergula arvenis produces two types of seeds that differ in the absence (non papillate, NP) or presence (papillate, P) of papilla on the seed coat. Corn spurry inhabits cultivated soils and ruderal fields and usually encounters substantial variations in soil nutrients. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nitrate concentrations and temperature (10–30°C) on the germination of heteromorphic seeds. NP and P seeds were characterized by different nitrate optima, dormancy-breaking temperature and initial germination times. NP seeds germinated better and faster than P seeds. NP seeds germinated at all nitrate solutions and all temperatures. NP seeds responded to 5 mM nitrate concentration at 15, 20 and 30°C. In 25 and 50 mM KNO₃ solution, the germination was relatively high and leveled out at a wider temperature range (15–30°C). The highest germination of NP seeds was at 25°C (25, 50 mM KNO₃). NP seeds began to germinate on the second day of the germination test at 15–30°C (in 25 mM KNO₃ solution) and at 20–30°C (in 50 mM KNO₃ solution). The germination percentage of P seeds was lower than NP seeds under identical conditions. P seeds in water failed to sprout at any of the applied incubation temperatures. Seeds incubated in low and medium nitrate concentrations did not germinate or germinated weakly at all temperatures. Seed dormancy was released in solutions with high nitrate levels incubated at 10–25°C. The highest germination of P seeds was at 50 mM solution and at 15°C. Under these conditions, the P seeds germinated the most (reaching 43%), with the initial germination being observed on experimental day 3,7. P seeds had more requirements for germination than NP seeds. However, in 50 mM KNO₃ solution the range of temperatures over which these seeds were able to germinate was the same regardless of seed type. Nevertheless, the percentage of NP germinants was still much higher. The different requirements for germination of NP and P seeds may result in the production of two offspring cohorts that differ in response to nitrate levels in the soil, population density and temperature conditions. Most likely, this germination strategy is an important mechanism of ecological adaptation that enables the survival of S. arvensis plants in an unpredictable environment.
Water enters shallow wells from shallow resources of groundwater, therefore the groundwater is especially susceptible to chemical and microbiological pollution. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of intensity of shallow well usage on the nitrate concentration in water. It has been found that concentrations of nitrate ions in the water of shallow wells depends on the quality of water in the basin feeding the well, processes in the water and well depth. Concentration of nitrate ions in newly filled water is higher than that in well water, but due to chemical and biochemical reactions it decreases rather fast and in most cases becomes lower. The rate at which the drained wells refill is different. Re-establishment of the same amount of water ranges between two and five days. In the beginning because of big difference in levels, the rate is higher, and then it slows down and asymptotically approaches the main level. An average rate of filling-up makes 3% of well volume per day, ranging from 7% the first day to 1% the fifth day. The nitrate concentration decreases approximately to eight days at a rate of 8 mg l⁻¹/day, and after the eighth day it increases at a rate of 12 mg l⁻¹. Changes of concentration of nitrates in the top layer of water could be summarized as the reaction of the first order. Mathematical patterns of well refilling and changes in nitrates determine the limits of the nitrate concentration changes in water, though they are not precisely adapted to a separate well.
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This paper of the selected groups of nitrogen cycle bacteria in the Biebrza River was analysed. In the water samples the quantity of ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, proteolitic bacteria was estimated and also selected water quality indicators were analysed. Large quantities of proteolitic bacteria and ammonifying bacteria were found while the quantity of nitrifying bacteria was very small. Water quality analyses proved high TOC concentrations and low nitrate as well as nitrite concentrations. It was found, that the mineral forms of nitrogen being the intensive product of organic matter degradation is not released (low concentrations of ammonia), but it is accumulated in microorganisms cells. Low concentrations of ammonia are limiting for the number of nitrifying bacteria. The seasonal character of the occurrence of all analysed bacteria groups was as well found. The analytical procedure used was adjusted for bacteriological research on rivers of low anthropopressure.
The rural population, estimated at one third of Lithuania’s population, obtains drinking water from shallow wells. Drinking water from shallow wells is polluted, for the most part, with nitrate, which is of general concern not only in Lithuania but in other countries. The purpose of our study is to establish the relationship of nitrate pollution in the water of shallow wells to precipitation level and temperature, as well as to assess the impact of well construction and environmental conditions on this kind of pollution. The results of this work showed that about 66% of all investigated wells are nitrate polluted. The results of long-term research have demonstrated that the highest nitrate concentration in the water of shallow wells occurs in March through July, and the lowest nitrate concentration in September through February. A strong correlation between nitrate concentration, precipitation amount and air temperature was established in summer. Correlations established in other seasons are not significant. The strongest impact on nitrate pollution of the wells is related to the distances of the well to the outhouse, cowshed, manure pile and vegetable garden, as well as the surroundings of the well and local human activities. The estimated coefficients of multiple linear regression allow forecasting the nitrate pollution of the wells as a function of these factors.
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Azotany(V) w bulwach ziemniaka

67%
Koncentracja azotanów(V) w bulwach na ogół nie przekracza poziomu bezpiecznego, tj. 200 mg NO3/kg s.m., jednak badania wskazują, że niekiedy notuje się wysokie ich stężenie. W większości prób zakupionych do badan w różnych punktach handlowych Olsztyna i Szczecina zawartość azotanów ( V) nie stwarzała zagrożenia zdrowotnego, jednak w niektórych latach przeważał udział prób z zawartością powyżej dozwolonego poziomu. Zwiększonej koncentracji można się spodziewać w bulwach odmian bardzo wczesnych i wczesnych, uprawianych na glebach mocniejszych, w latach z wysoka temperatura i suchych – szczególnie w okresie tuberyzacji, w latach chłodnych i mokrych, a także z plantacji traktowanych środkami ochrony roślin. Istotne znaczenie ma też właściwy płodozmian i odpowiednio dobrane nawożenie nie tylko azotem, ale również fosforem, potasem i mikroelementami.
Przy dużym zanieczyszczeniu surowca azotanami(lll) dynamika zmian stężenia tych jonów w czasie wytwarzania i przechowywania skrzepów: jogurtowego i kefirowego jest zróżnicowana. Różnic w tempie obniżenia stężenia azotanów(III) w fazie wodnej napojów jest wynikiem odmiennej biodynamiki obu skrzepów. Zmiany zawartości tych jonów w obu napojach można przedstawić za pomocą funkcji matematycznej.
The present studies were concentration of ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and pH. For seven physicochemical parameters were determined in marine water samples along with marine ornamental fish water sources from CAS in marine biology laboratory conditions at Parangipettai. Water sample have been studied at a marine water sources. The study concentrations of parameters like ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, and pH. And physicochemical parameters have been calculated. The data showed the difference of the investigated parameters in samples as follows; Concentration of water quality parameters like ammonia was maximum level above 1.158 μmol¯1, nitrite was ranging from 0.811 to 0.922 μmol¯1, nitrate was range maximum level above 4.84 μmol¯1, dissolved oxygen content was maximum level above 2.4 mg¯1, temperature was ranging from 32.3 to 100 °C, salinity values ranging from 0 to 36ppt and pH was ranging from 6.5 to 8.0. During the study period of from July 2013 to June 2014 we investigated concentration of seven physicochemical parameters value Marine water samples with cultured fish species in presence of water from CAS in Marine Biology laboratory Annamalai University at Parangipettai.
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