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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with arsenic on the concentration of iron in some plant species. In addition, the following arsenic neutralising substances were added to soil for tests: lime, dolomite, natural and synthetic zeolite, charcoal, loam and compost. Soil contamination with arsenic, application of neutralising substances to the soil as well as the crop species had significant influence on the content of iron in the tested plant organs. Soil contamination with arsenic had an antagonistic or synergistic effect on the content of iron in plants, which was closely related with the crop species. In a series without neutralising substances added to the soil, arsenic had a negative effect on the content of iron in the above-ground parts and roots of cocksfoot, roots of maize, grain, straw and roots of spring barley, but a positive influence on its accumulation in the above-ground parts of maize and roots of swede. The highest increase in the content of iron was found in the above-ground parts of maize. The application of inactivating substances to the soil significantly modified the content of iron in the tested plant organs. These substances caused a decrease in the concentration of iron in the above-ground parts of maize and cocksfoot, but led to an increase in the accumulation of this element in straw and roots of spring barley. The direction of change in the concentration of iron in plants, i.e. decrease or increase, following the application of arsenic neutralising substances depended on plant species and the tested organ as well as the type of substance added to the soil.
Cadmium emitted to the natural environment due to anthropogenic pressure can easily move through the trophic chain, thus posing a threat to human and animal health. Soil contamination with cadmium can cause disorders in the growth and development of plants, and therefore may have an adverse effect on the volume and quality of yields. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate the effect of soil contamination with incremental doses of cadmium together with the application of neutralizing substances on the yield of oat (Avena sativa L.) and on the content, uptake and distribution of cadmium in oat plants. The research was based on a pot experiment conducted on cv. Dragon oat, grown on soil with the grain-size composition of loamy sand. Cadmium was introduced to soil in the form of cadmium chloride, in doses equal 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Cd kg-1. In order to alleviate the negative effect of soil contamination with cadmium, neutralizing substances were used, such as compost, lime and brown coal. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated the presence of a negative correlation between the cadmium doses and the volume of oat yields. The lowest cadmium dose (10 mg Cd kg-1 of soil) significantly decreased the yield of oat straw and roots; regarding the grain yield, it was significantly depressed by the two highest cadmium doses (30 and 40 mg Cd kg-1 of soil). Of the three neutralizing substances applied, compost had a positive effect on the quantity of grain yield, compost and brown coal affected positively the yield of straw, while soil liming significantly decreased the yield of roots. Soil contamination with cadmium significantly affected the content of cadmium, raising it in the separated parts of oat plants, of which roots contained the distinctly highest amounts of the pollutant. The highest cadmium uptake (1.50 mg Cd pot-1) was detected in oat straw, which on average accumulated 58% of this xenobiotic. All the applied substances neutralizing the soil contamination with cadmium significantly decreased the content and the uptake of this element by oat grain, straw and roots, with lime producing the strongest impact.
The paper presents results of a study on the influence of fluorine-contaminated soil, supplemented with lime, charcoal and loam, on the content of potassium in eight species of crops. The experiments consisted of eight greenhouse pot trials in 2009-2011. The following factors were tested: I – increasing doses of fluorine in the form of potassium fluoride; II –substances neutralising the soil contamination with fluorine. The content of potassium in plants varied, depending on the degree of soil contamination with fluorine, the application of substances inactivating this xenobiothic element, and on the plant species and organs. The highest mean potassium concentration was detected in the aerial bio-mass of phacelia (46.4 g K kg-1 d.m.) and winter oilseed rape (45.9 g K kg-1 d.m.), while the lowest one was assayed in the grain and straw of spring triticale (5.3 and 7.9 g K kg-1 d.m.). The increasing degree of soil contamination with fluorine contributed to an increase in the average content of potassium in maize, narrow-leaf lupine, winter oilseed rape, black radish, the aerial biomass of yellow lupine and the aerial biomass of the first cut of alfalfa, compared to the control. In general, the neutralising substances applied caused a decrease in the content of potassium in the analysed plant parts.
The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of cadmium-contaminated soil (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Cd · kg⁻¹ soil) on the magnesium content in oats, maize, yellow lupine and radish. Compost, brown coal, lime and bentonite were added to reduce the undesirable effect of cadmium contamination on the plants. As a result of soil contamination with cadmium, the amount of magnesium increased in all the examined parts of the oats, in the above-ground parts of yellow lupine and radish as well in the roots of maize. The application of compost, lime, bentonite and especially brown coal into the soil had an overall positive effect on the magnesium content in the vegetative parts of the crops. The magnesium content in the plants was generally correlated with the accumulation of other macro- and some microelements.
Some trace elements, for example zinc, play both a positive and a negative role in plant life, which requires their content in soil. If soil is excessively contaminated with zinc, an attempt should be made to reduce the negative effect of this element on plants and other living organisms. For this reason, a study was undertaken to determine whether it was possible to alleviate the effect of soil zinc contamination (0, 150, 300 and 600 mg Zn kg-1 of soil) on the yield and macronutrient content of yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). Compost (3%), bentonite (2%) and zeolite (2% relative to soil mass) were used to reduce the effect of soil zinc contamination. Macro- and micronutrients were applied to the soil in the same amounts in all pots: 30 mg N, 30 mg P, 100 mg K, 50 mg Mg, 0.33 mg B, 5 mg Mn and 5 mg Mo per kg soil. Yellow lupine was harvested in the flowering phase and plant material samples were collected for laboratory tests. The induced soil zinc contamination reduced yellow lupine growth and development because a dose of 300 mg Zn kg-1 soil caused plant seedlings to wither. Compost and bentonite reduced the negative influence of soil zinc contamination on yellow lupine yield, especially on aerial parts. The most demonstrable effect of zinc on the macronutrient content of lupine plants was recorded for magnesium and calcium, whose content increased compared to the control in both the aerial parts and roots of yellow lupine. Among the neutralizing substances, the effect of zeolite on the phosphorus, magnesium and calcium content and bentonite on the sodium content in the plants was the most beneficial.
Celem podjętych badań była ocena wpływu zanieczyszczenia gleby wzrastającymi dawkami kadmu (0, 10, 20, 30 i 40 mg Cd·kg⁻¹ gleby) na plonowanie wybranych roślin testowych oraz próba złagodzenia tego oddziaływania poprzez aplikację substancji neutralizujących, takich jak: wapno, kompost, węgiel brunatny i bentonit. Podstawę badań stanowiły doświadczenia wazonowe, w których roślinami testowymi były: łubin żółty, kukurydza, rzodkiewka i facelia błękitna. Statystyczna analiza uzyskanych wyników dowiodła istnienia korelacji pomiędzy dawkami kadmu a wysokością uzyskanych plonów roślin, której kierunek był zależny od rodzaju substancji inaktywujących. Obliczony indeks tolerancji najniższy zakres przyjmował w przypadku łubinu (0,02–0,90) i rzodkiewki (0,05-1,15), nieco wyższy w doświadczeniu z facelią (0,45–1,38), a zdecydowanie najwyższy w doświadczeniu z kukurydzą (0,59–1,77).
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie oddziaływania substancji neutralizujących wpływ zanieczyszczenia gleby arsenem na zawartość wapnia w wybranych roślinach uprawnych. Były to: wapno, dolomit, zeolit naturalny i syntetyczny, węgiel drzewny, ił i kompost. Zawartość wapnia była zróżnicowana w zależności od zanieczyszczenia podłoża arsenem i dodatków neutralizujących oraz od gatunku i organu roślin. W serii bez dodatków neutralizujących wykazano istnienie dodatniej zależności pomiędzy poziomem zanieczyszczenia podłoża arsenem a zawartością wapnia w częściach nadziemnych i korzeniach kukurydzy, w korzeniach brukwi pastewnej oraz w ziarnie i słomie jęczmienia jarego. Najwyższe zanieczyszczenie gleby arsenem (100 mg As·kg⁻¹ gleby) działało ujemnie na zawartość wapnia w korzeniach kukurydzy i jęczmienia. W przypadku pozostałych organów roślin zmiany te były mniejsze i mniej jednoznaczne. Najbardziej jednoznaczny wpływ substancji neutralizujących stwierdzono w korzeniach kukurydzy, w częściach nadziemnych łubinu żółtego oraz w ziarnie, słomie i korzeniach jęczmienia jarego, w których następowało na ogół zmniejszenie oraz w korzeniach kupkówki pospolitej i łubinu żółtego oraz w częściach nadziemnych i korzeniach brukwi pastewnej, gdzie wykazano zwiększenie zawartości wapnia.
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