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The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for direct estimation of energy, protein and fillunits as well as organic matter digestibility (OMD) for wet whole-crop sorghum silages according to the French feeding system for ruminants INRA (1988). Fifty-eight whole-crop sorghum silages ensiled alone or with the addition of wheat bran, rapeseed meal, or whole-crop maize were used to create a calibration data set. Wet samples of silage were scanned using a spectrophotometer (570–1850 nm). The spectral data were transformed to the first derivative. For scatter correction, standard normal variate and detrending methods were used. The calibration equations were developed using modified partial least squares regression.The accuracy of each equation was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination of calibration (R2 ), standard error of calibration, and standard error of cross validation (SECV). High R2 (> 0.93) were shown for all parameters except OMD (R2 = 0.83).The highest SECV (0.62) was observed for protein units, but all errors were within acceptable values. The results of the study suggest that NIRS may be used for direct prediction of nutritive value of sorghum silages in INRA system units. Furthermore, these results suggest that the NIRS technique may be successfully used for direct estimation of feed units for ruminants in wet silages.
The objective of the research study was to apply near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the quality of protein supplements available in the Polish shops and gyms. The evaluation was performed on the basis of the determination of the protein quantity contained in the individual samples by a Kjeldahl method and then the evaluation results were correlated with the measured NIR spectra using an appropriate chemometric method. The research material consisted of fifteen protein supplement samples for athletes, which included the following types: WPI (protein isolate), WPC (protein concentrate), WPH (protein hydrolysate), and mixtures thereof. The obtained NIR spectra of protein supplements were characterized by a similar shape of the bands. Depending on the type of protein, a different intensity of absorption of individual bands could be observed. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the samples based on the spectra measured. Unfortunately, owing to the varying composition of the protein mixtures, it was not possible to find characteristic arrangement of the samples depending on their types. The spectra were correlated with the protein contents determined in the samples using a Partial Least Squares regression method (PLS regression) and various mathematic transformations of the NIR spectral data. The obtained regression models were analysed and the analysis results confirmed that it was possible to apply NIR spectra to estimate the content of proteins in protein supplements. The best result was obtained in a spectrum region between 9401 and 5448 cm⁻¹ and after the first derivative was applied with Multiplicate Scatter Correction (MSC) as a mathematical pre-treatment. On the basis of the results obtained, it was proved that the NIR spectra applied together with the chemometric analysis could be used to quickly evaluate the products studied.
Materiał do badań stanowiło: 37 prób miodów nektarowych i 6 prób miodów spadziowych dostępnych w handlu białostockim w 1998 roku. Badania przeprowadzono metodą zalecaną przez Polską Normę PN-88/A-77626. Na podstawie analizy pyłkowej w osadzie miodowym stwierdzono, że 43% badanych miodów nektarowych zostało nieprawidłowo zaklasyfikowanych do poszczególnych odmian. Analizę spektrofotometryczną w bliskiej podczerwieni (w zakresie widma 6100-5700 cm można zastosować do różnicowania miodu sztucznego, nektarowego i spadziowego, ale metoda ta wymaga dalszych badań.
Environmental studies often require analyses of numerous chemical, physical and biological properties in large numbers of soil, litter and plant samples. Such analyses may be expensive and time consuming and therefore rapid and cost-effective methods may be required. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive analytical method known for rapidity, simplicity and low costs, which could be used along with classical analytical methods in order to improve efficiency of large-scale environmental research. In this review, principals of NIRS are described, examples of NIRS applications are presented and the possibilities and limitations of the method are discussed.
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