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The aim of this study was to determine floristic diversity, the chemical composition, nature value and energy value of selected sedge communities in view of habitat conditions in the Noteć valley. This study was based on a total of 46 relevés prepared according to Braun-Blanquet. The identified communities were represented by common plant associations, both natural or semi-natural. They comprised mainly vegetation of meadows excluded from agricultural use, on fresh and partly moist and very moist soils, of weak acid and neutral reaction. Analysed communities had moderate or high nature value. Sedges and Cyperaceae predominated in their structure, with the greatest share of Caricetum lasiocarpae (76%) and the lowest share of Caricetum distichae (44.6%). No Fabaceae were reported in any of the two plant associations, while herds were found in all associations. The greatest higher heating value and lower heating value were found for communities with Carex lasiocarpa and Carex disticha.
Human interaction with nature represents one of the basic pillars of healthy behavior. This can be strengthened by physical activity (PA) in nature, also called green exercise or outdoor PA. The aim of the work is to assess the impact of PA in nature on selected psychologically beneficial aspects of mental health. Subsequently, the paper discusses the following questions: 1) Are there any differences in the impact on mental health between outdoor and indoor PA?; 2) What are the recommendations for the minimum doses of PA in nature to improve or strengthen mental health? Despite large amounts of original research and many meta-analyses, as well as systemic reviews, we cannot clearly point to a convincing effect of PA in nature on mental health compared to indoor PA. Reviewed material points out the problem of heterogeneous study design, lack of quantitative findings and gaps in the evidence for long-term effects of PA in nature on mental health. Due to discrepancies in terminology, uniform conclusions could not be properly reached. There is a lack of meta-analytical studies specifying the type and intensity of PA in nature required to achieve an effect for a particular indicator of mental health.
Geosites are places of particular importance for understanding history of the Earth. An example of such a place may be the Łuków site with fossil Ferdynandovian flora. The development of vegetation covers over 140 000 years of Pleistocene in this reference profile. The Łuków profile is one of only a few European complete profiles, in which two Ferdynandovian interglacial climatic optima are recorded. The scientific uniqueness of the Łuków profile was evidenced by numerous papers. However, the site was not analysed in terms of its usefulness for tourism and educational purposes. In order to fill this gap, the method of geosite evaluation has been used to evaluate geotourism potential. The following features of the site were evaluated: scientific value, educational value, state of the object (including threats), and accessibility. The evaluation was qualitative in a scale 1–5. We propose to establish the geosite named “Unique Ferdynandovian flora”. As a result, it will be possible to improve the accessibility and protect this site, as well as promote it as an object of nature tourism.
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The nature of life - organization's aspect

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When searching for nature rules we encounter a fundamental difficulty: for technical reasons we are not able to investigate the whole Nature - we have to explore its sections i.e. empirical systems (structures). However, even then it might happen that the system is too complex and its comprehensive, direct investigation is impossible. In this case we can study the system by means of its abstract model e.g. a mathematical model.Abstract models of empirical systems usually present simplified modelled systems, where simplification depends on different reasons, e.g. on the purpose of model construction or the state of our knowledge on a modelled system. As a rule we also exclude from the model those independent variables, whose influence on a dependent variable is insignificant. Simplification does not have to mean that the validity of the simplified heuristic model is lower than the validity of the same model before its simplification.Some remarks refer to certain methodological problems associated with models and modelling, as well as scientific research performed with those tools.
Volcanism has both positive and negative effects. The limitation of the latter ones is admittedly difficult, however, depending on the strength and frequency of events and opportunities for the communities living in these areas is real, and the steps undertaken by them are varied. Despite the risks of inhabiting the regions of active volcanism these areas are densely populated. In the endangered areas the authorities, supported by scientists, are responsible for the effective management of risk and preparation of evacuation plans, which reduces material losses, and saves the life of the inhabitants. Thus, the question is whether and how the island society living in areas directly threatened by volcanic activity can counteract its negative effects? The article makes reference to the eruptions of located on the islands volcanoes Mont Pelée (Martinique), Soufrière Hills (Montserrat), Pinatubo (Luzon) and Helgafell (Heimaey), Ruapehu (New Zealand) and Santa Barbara (Terceira).
Geobotanical studies conducted in spring in 2011–2012 in the Zagórów polder washland, covered by the ecological restoration programme, provided assessment of current nature value of plant communities and indicated potential directions of their further transformations as a result of changes in habitat water content levels. Based on the analyses of 77 relevés of 50–100 m2 each, prepared following the Braun-Blanquet method, water levels were assessed by phytoindication using moisture indicator values (F) according to Ellenberg et al. (1992). Moreover, nature value of vegetation was assessed based on the botanical structure, geo-historical spectrum, life form structure as well as the nature valuation index in the 10-point scale according to Oświt (2000). Based on relevés the area was valuated using the point score method according to Mahon & Miller (2003). An attempt was made to indicate potential directions of changes in vegetation, based on the determination of dependencies between certain parameters assessing its current condition and habitat conditions. Habitat water content connected with the supply of water through a network of culverts, geomorphology of the area and land use, affects the distribution of phytocenoses in the polder and their considerable diversity, which was confirmed by the identification of 19 plant communities from six phytosociological classes. Further maintenance of water relations and land use results in the transformation of plant communities: in the vicinity of culverts – towards the class Phragmitetea, in swamps and around small water bodies – towards communities of the classes Salicetea purpurea or Alnetea glutinosae, at longer distances from culverts in leveled and agriculturally utilised areas – towards the orders Trifolio fragiferae-Agrostietalia stoloniferae and Molinietalia, while in areas at valley margins the succession progresses towards communities of the class Nardo-Callunetea.
For a herbaceous species, the inverse of the fresh leaf surface density, the Hughes constant, is nearly conserved. We apply the Hughes constant to develop an absolute method of leafarea measurement that requires no regression fits, prior calibrations or oven-drying. The Hughes constant was determined in situ using a known geometry and weights of a sub-set obtained from the fresh leaves whose areas are desired. Subsequently, the leaf-areas (at any desired stratification level), were derived by utilizing the Hughes constant and the masses of the fresh leaves. The proof of concept was established for leaf-discs of the plants Mandevilla splendens and Spathiphyllum wallisii. The conservativeness of the Hughes constant over individual leaf-zones and different leaftypes from the leaves of each species was quantitatively validated. Using the globally averaged Hughes constant for each species, the leaf-area of these and additional co-species plants, were obtained. The leaf-area-measurement-by-mass was cross-checked with standard digital image analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between the leaf-area-measurement-by-mass and the digital image analysis measured leaf-areas and the linear correlation between the two methods was very good. Leaf-areameasurement- by-mass was found to be rapid and simple with accuracies comparable to the digital image analysis method. The greatly reduced cost of leaf-area-measurement-by-mass could be beneficial for small agri-businesses in developing countries.
This paper presents the process of creation of the Wzgórza Strzelińskie (Strzelin Hills) Natural-Landscape Complex. It describes the rationale, the idea and the process of consultations and work on the resolution to establish the Complex, from the concept, through consultations to the adoption of the resolution. The paper discusses elements of natural and cultural values of the Complex that were the reason behind making Wzgórza Strzelińskie a legally protected site. Recommendations are presented concerning nature protection as well as prohibitions in force in the Complex. The paper lists potential threats to the natural environment, landscape and cultural resources of the Wzgórza Strzelińskie Natural-Landscape Complex.
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