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This paper presents research findings on investigating the factors affecting market value of agricultural land in Hungary by empirical data collection and applying regression analysis.
Data from floristic publications, forest management records, comprehensive questionnaires and original field research were used to assess the silver fir resources in the Sudety Mts. Fir trees older than 50 years were recorded in over 2000 localities but the mean number of individuals per locality was only about 15. The generally low number of fir trees and their considerable dispersion are the major causes of the poor reproduction of the studied species in the Sudety Mts. In that region, silver fir should receive special treatment and, if possible, excluded from logging plans. Current and projected activities concerned with fir protection are described briefly.
The aim of the article is to present the Record Sheet of Animate Natural Monuments for trees, which would standardize collecting and presenting data on tree monuments. The study uses data from the Register of Natural Monuments of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship made available by the Regional Directorate for Environmental Protection (RDOŚ) in Wrocław, as well as form the existing municipal record sheets of nature monuments and the Central Register of Forms of Nature Protection (CRFOP) facilitated by the General Directorate for Environmental Protection. Based on the qualitative assessment and the range of data contained in the RDOŚ and CRFOP registries and record sheets, an original proposal for a natural monument record sheet was elaborated for both individual trees and groups. The proposed consistent range of data on natural monuments will enable the use of collected data in statistical surveys, comparative analyses, and the research on species. In addition, the quality of data collection will contribute to a proper protection of trees and their surroundings.
The article aims to examine the peculiarities of the financial mechanism of the transboundary natural resources management, which is very diversified all over the world and comprises: trust funds, ongoing revolving funds, public-private partnerships, public funding in member countries. Promoting the transboundary cooperation of natural resources management is characterized with frequent underfunding and resolving its mechanisms is not sufficient. The lack of transboundary management funding is reflected by weak results of institutional development of the transboundary regions in their entirity. The process of funding of the transboundary natural resources management should consist of four major steps to promote the development of the transboundary institutional mechanisms: the initiation process, institutional mechanism, program realization and investments within the common management of the transboundary natural resources. The article defines the following principles of the financial mechanism for transboundary natural resources management: the principle of the annual contribution of each member country to the Euroregion budget, the polluter-pays principle, the principle of fund receiving for the provision of services. On the grounds of the analysis of foreign experiences we offer two ways of creating specific funds to support the transboundary water resources management, such as: special financing fund and basin trust fund. The effective managing of the transboundary natural resources demands the presence of the local goverment institutions which may aid the cooperation between countries and realization of the common strategy and managing policy. The proper funding of the transboundary cooperation mechanisms and transboundary institutions, which manage these resources, should be performed steadily. Especially funding the creation and maintainance of the institutional mechanisms, building a potential, developing legal frameworks, managing (including monitoring of the data exchange and evaluation), and supporting the realization of common programs of optimalization of fair use of and protection of common transboundary natural resources. All the traditional and innovative financial mechanisms should be treated as options for balanced funding of the transboundary management institutions in order to promote the common transboundary management of natural resources and support implementing the regionally coordinated policy.
Background. The barred spiny eel, Macrognathus pancalus Hamilton 1822 (known also as the striped spiny eel) has high food- as well as ornamental value in India and its neighbouring countries. The natural resources of this species are declining due to over exploitation and habitat changes. The aim of this study was to provide necessary inputs on food habits, reproductive biology, and fishery of the species for artificial propagation programs and fisheries guidelines for conservation of its natural populations. Materials and Methods. Fish samples were collected monthly, for a period of 12 months, from an oxbow lake, situated in the Ganga River basin, India, during June 2004-May 2005. Food habits, reproductive biology, length-weight relation, fishery resource status, asymptotic length (L∞), length at maturity (Lm) and length at maximum possible yield (Lopt) for the species were studied. Results. The fish subsisted mainly on insect larvae. Fecundity range was 227 (fish: 10.7 cm and 5.03 g) to 8310 (fish: 17 cm and 30.31 g). Length at first maturity calculated through maturity curve was 10-11 cm (males) and 11-12 cm (females) in total length. The breeding period was within March-September. The regression model fitted for length and weight of the fish was Log W = 3.3224 Log L - 6.0793, R2 = 0.9094 for male; Log W = 3.3378 Log L - 6.0716, R2 = 0.9183 for female. The exponent ‘b’ for male and female varied significantly from ‘3’ indicating allometric growth pattern. The relation of fecundity with total length and weight of the fish was Log F = 2.9574 Log L - 3.2055, R2 = 0.3728 and Log F = 0.9684 Log W + 2.0934, R2 = 0.4716. Immature specimens dominated in the catch. The estimates obtained for L∞ = 18.8 cm (s.e. range 15.9-22.3 cm), Lm male = 10.8 cm (s.e. range 7.7-15.1 cm), Lm female = 12.3 cm (s.e. range 9.3-16.3 cm) and Lopt = 11.3 cm (s.e. range 9.6-13.4 cm). Biomass of the species in experimental fishing was high during October-January, which was also the period when immature specimens were lowest. Conclusion. Closed or less intense fishing for the species during March-September and capture of only specimens above 14 cm length would help conservation of the natural stock of the fish in the wetland.
At the turn of the last century most non-fuel industrial products; dyes, inks, paint, medicines, chemicals, clothing, synthetic fibres and plastics were made from biobased resources. By the 1970s petroleum-derived materials, had to a large extent, replaced those materials derived from natural resources. Recent developments are raising the prospects that naturally derived resources again will be a major contributor to the production of industrial products. Currently, scientists and engineers successfully perform developments and technologies that will bring down costs and optimise performance of biobased products. At the same time environmental concerns are intensifying the interest in agricultural and forestry resources as alternative feedstocks. A sustained growth of this industry will depend on the development of new markets and costs and performance competitive biobased products. A potential new market for these materials is food packaging, a highly competitive area with great demands for performance and cost.
Currently, the main priority of the company is to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, protect human health and rational use of natural resources. Therefore the aim of society is based on the principle of precaution, prevention, to prevent environmental pollution. As an example in this paper highlight the process of recovery of WEEE, the development of sales of electronics and electronic volume effect for each period in the Slovak Republic.
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Plant: a necessity of life

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Plant is one of the major forms of life on earth. It can produce its own food but cannot move about. Plants have well organized structures. They are beautiful and they determine local climates and are used as live fences. They phytoremediate and cool our environment. They provide us with oxygen, medicines, fuel, timber, recreation, industrial products; preservatives, pesticides in addition to all the three necessities of life: food, clothing and shelter. They purify the air and water bodies. It is therefore impossible to talk about life without plants because of their importance to the balance of nature. However, people have altered and often degraded their environment, though it has been taking place so gradually that its effects have not been drastically felt. Despite the enormous benefits of plants to humanity, they are disappearing at alarming rates. The reasons for this loss are many and include many anthropogenic activities. It is therefore quite imperative to ensure their effective conservation. This paper summarizes available information about the direct and the indirect benefits of plants and suggests some important measures to ensure their posterity. I hope, by bringing this information together, people will appreciate our plants and be frugal in using them.
Some of the practical implications of the previously identified geographic patterns linking climate rate of surface temperature with the fractal dimension of a multi-year series of runoff, are presented. The statistical data, showing a role of coefficient of kurtosis at classification of distributions of density of probability in a range of air temperatures from –5 to 27 ° С are given. It is empirically established that statistical distributions of long-term average annual runoff series for the temperature zone with prevailing high values of the fractal dimension correspond to beta-distributions of type II and when plotted on the K. Pearson diagram this type is distinguished from probability density curves in other temperature zones by kurtosis (statistically significant). It is revealed that ignoring the coefficient of kurtosis means not taking into account the climatic component of natural resources. The results of the study can be used to assess the reliability of hydraulic structures and in the field of water management.
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