Wyniki wyszukiwania

1

Is natural regeneration of forest stands a continuous process? A case study of an old-growth forest of the Western Carpathians

100%

Szwagrzyk J., Szewczyk J.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2008

|

tom 56

|

nr 4

623-633

Natural regeneration in temperate forests is known to be distributed unevenly, forming dense clumps or patches of young trees confined often to canopy gaps. However, in some studies no significant relationship between the presence of gaps and advanced regeneration was found. The analysis of the relationship between tree stand density and young trees density and growth rates was conducted to check if oldgrowth temperate forests with numerous canopy openings permit development of young trees throughout the forest floor, not only directly under canopy gaps. The study was conducted in an old-growth stand of Fagus sylvatica L., Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Babia Góra National Park (Western Carpathians, Poland). The elevation is 940–1010 m a.s.l., slope inclination varies from 2 to 40%, mean annual temperature for that area is 4°C and annual precipitation amounts to 1300–1400 mm. Stand basal area in the study plot has increased from 38 m² ha⁻¹ in 1991 to 40.7 m² ha⁻¹ in 2004, and canopy openness has decreased from 15.6% in 1996 to 9.3% in 2003. Saplings were totally dominated by European beech; during 13 years of study sapling density has increased by 50%, along with the sum of sapling heights (from 0.79 mm⁻² to 1.59 mm⁻²) and the mean height (from 1.42 m to 2.46 m). The increase in sapling sizes strongly varied among individuals within plot and was only weakly related to the relative light intensities measured at the individual plot level (for sums of diameters t = 0.293, P > 0.05). The development of young generation of trees in the study area seems to support the “medium disturbance” hypothesis, with a non-continuous regeneration triggered by external disturbance, and several tree recruitment episodes during the lifespan of canopy trees.

2

The possibilities and justification for application of Scots pine natural regeneration on coniferous forest sites

100%

Kopryk W., Paluch R., Gil W.

Seria Biologiczna. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

|

2004

|

tom 69

3

Canopy density in selected forest sites of the Bialowieza National Park's strict reserve and managed stands of the Bialowieza Forest

100%

Robakowski P., Gwiazdowicz D. J.

Forestry

|

2000

|

tom 03

4

Artykuł dostępny w postaci pełnego tekstu - kliknij by otworzyć plik

Gap regeneration in near-natural European beech forest stands in Central Bohemia - the role of heterogeneity and micro-habitat factors

84%

Bilek L., Remes J., Podrazsky V., Rozenbergar D., Diaci J., Zahradnik D.

Dendrobiology

|

2014

|

tom 71

Gap regeneration in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest reserve was analyzed in relation to within-gap resource heterogeneity and ground vegetation competition. The study was carried out in two one-hectare permanent research plots (PRP) which included five smaller research plots (RP) encompassing two large gaps (500–700 m2), two small gaps (300–400 m2), and location under canopy. The coverage of woody regeneration, ground vegetation, dead wood, seedling density in eight height classes, characteristics of dominant trees of the beech regeneration, and the total thickness of holorganic horizons were measured. Soil moisture and light conditions were also assessed in selected sample plots. The relative direct and diffuse light was estimated by hemispherical photography. Small gaps showed both the highest cover of tree regeneration and the highest density of individuals per hectare. Slightly less regeneration was recorded in large gaps, while under closed canopy, regeneration densities were 5–10 times lower than in small gaps. Beech regeneration cover and the size (diameter and height) of dominant beech seedlings were positively related to relative diffuse light and negatively related to ground vegetation cover. The latter was positively related to diffuse light and soil moisture content. A pronounced statistically significant contrast in the cover and size of beech regeneration in relation to micro-site conditions (diffuse light, cover of graminoids) was only confirmed between sample plots located below canopy cover and those within gaps. Graminoids, in particular Calamagrostis epigejos L., occurred mainly in the large gap centre and along the southernmost edge of the large gap, increasing competition for resources here. The cumulative cover of ground vegetation and regeneration was relatively low (9–56%) compared with more mesic natural beech forests. The indicated negative influence of direct light at the northern gap edge suggests that extension of gaps on comparable sites in managed forest should not proceed in this direction.

5

Natural regeneration and gender-specific spatial pattern of Taxus baccata in an old-growth population in Foresta Umbra (Italy)

84%

Vessella F., Salis A., Scire M., Piovesan G., Schirone B.

Dendrobiology

|

2015

|

tom 73

English yew is rare and endangered dioecious species. Research on regeneration processes of endangered taxa is important to understand the mechanisms allowing a species to survive under several ecological scenarios, to predict future distribution shifts, to achieve best management practices and conservation policies. Our investigation was focusing on one of the oldest yew population in Europe, in Foresta Umbra in Italy. The main aim of this study was to understand spatial regeneration processes and dynamics related with parent trees’ sex distribution. Geostatistical analysis showed that seedlings occur in patches avoiding direct competition with adult yews. Negative relationship between regeneration and yew density and basal area was found. A general model for the reproductive ecology is proposed: females are less competitive and more environmentally demanding than males, because of their reproductive effort. Indeed, male and female fitness responds differently across environmental gradients, thus favouring spatial segregation of seedlings. Understanding the yew’s adaptive effectiveness is essential to ensure the conservation of existing populations, and encourage the species’ resilience into areas where yew is endangered.

6

Relationship between forest canopy and natural regeneration in the subalpine spruce-larch forest (north-east Italy)

84%

Marchi A., Paletto A.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

|

2010

|

tom 52

|

nr 1

The authors describe the difference between canopy cover (proportion of the forest floor covered by the vertical projection of the tree crowns) and canopy closure (proportion of sky hemisphere obscured by vegetation when viewed from a single point) and the respective ground-based estimation techniques focused on two types of densiometer (GRS tube and spherical). The data collected in the field were used to analyse the relationship between forest canopy and natural regeneration in two subtypes of subalpine larch-spruce forests. The results indicate that in the first subtype characterized by a high fertility and a high canopy cover (around 62%), the level of natural regeneration is low (115 stems per hectare) and it is nearly exclusively composed by spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. For the second subtype characterized by a low fertility and a medium canopy cover (around 49%) the natural regeneration is rather dense (650 stems per hectare). At last the authors evidence a insignificant difference between the data of forest canopy collected by different ground-based estimation techniques (+0.7% using spherical densiometer compared to using GRS tube densiometer).

7

Natural regeneration potential of the black saxaul shrub-forests in semi-deserts of Central Asia – the Ili River delta area, SE Kazakhstan

84%

Zhaglovskaya A. A., Chlachula J., Thevs N., Myrzagaliyeva A. B., Aidossova S. S.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2017

|

tom 65

|

nr 3

Two saxaul species - black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum Minkw.) and white saxaul (Haloxylon persicumBunge) - constitute the principal arboreal cover of the cold continental deserts of Central Asia. While the latter is a rain-fed shrub distributed on sand dunes, the former is a ground-water phreatophyte mainly found on alluvial terraces. Saxaul has played an important role as a fodder plant also used as firewood by local herders. Due to over-grazing and over-exploitation for fuel during the past fifty years, the oncedominant saxaul vegetation has considerably degraded. Important growth characteristics at the present plantations (such as height, and basal trunk and crown diameters) show a direct quantitative relationship between the plants' age up to the 25-year lifetime and the total tree biomass reduced by natural degradation. Annual productivity largely depends on the overall vegetation density that reflects specific environmental conditions at particular locations. The recommended harvest rate, balancing the calculated natural regeneration capacity, should not exceed 0.82 t/ha at the density of up to 900 shrubs/ha, 1.78 t/ha at the density of 900–1500 shrubs/ ha and 2.63 t/ha at the density of 1500–2000 shrubs/ha. The results from the field monitoring sites provide new insights on the natural reproductive potential of black saxaul shrub-forests in undisturbed versus anthropogenically affected and exploited semidesert and parkland settings of Central Asia.

8

Effects of different methods of site preparation on natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris in Eastern Poland

84%

Aleksandrowicz-Trzcinska M., Drozdowski S., Brzeziecki B., Rutkowska P., Jablonska B.

Dendrobiology

|

2014

|

tom 71

Mechanical site preparation (MSP) is commonly used to enable forest regeneration of clear-cuts. Less intense methods may be more suitable from an environmental point of view, but such a method can result in the lack of natural regeneration. We compare the influence of three MSP methods on natural regeneration of Scots pine. The methods differ in their degree of soil disturbance. The effects of MSP by forest plough (FP), active plough (AP), and forest cutter (FC) on density, quality, and biometric parameters of one-year old seedlings were determined. The highest density of seedlings was obtained in the FP treatment (188,000 seedlings ha–1). The seedling density was significantly lower in the AP method (121,000 seedlings ha–1), and in the FC variant (36,000 seedlings ha–1). The best quality seedlings were found in the FC variant, and the worst – in the FP treatment. Most biometric parameters of seedlings did not differ by MSP method, except for the root length and root:shoot ratio. By the end of growing season, in the FP treatment, 1-year old seedlings formed a top bud more than twice as often as the seedlings from the AP and FC treatments. The FP method led to the best Scots pine natural regeneration. The results obtained in the FC variant were not as good as in the FP method, though they were still acceptable from the silvicultural point of view. The FC method was the least intensive method of site preparation, yet it is considered the most appropriate from the environmental (soil protection) point of view.

9

Effect of tree layer and microsite on the variability of natural regeneration in autochthonous beech forests

84%

Vacek Z., Vacek S., Podrazsky V., Bilek L., Stefancik I., Moser W. K., Bulusek D., Kral J., Remes J., Kralicek I.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2015

|

tom 63

|

nr 2

European beech is a superior competitor among the trees of Central Europe, often growing in pure stands. We proposed a hypothesis, that once beech has reached dominance in forest community, it's recruitment could become limited due to the gradual accumulation of pathogens attacking seeds and seedlings. We employed data on seed production and germination along with a field experiment to estimate the germination success of beech in two old-growth forests. Beech produced more seeds than the co-occurring coniferous trees, but less than 1% of beechnuts germinated in the next season. In the field experiment, the percentage of decayed beechnuts was 57% in the Carpathians and 61% in the Alps. Most of the dead germinants and decayed beechnuts were infested by fungi. The average number of fungal colonies per one sample in the Carpathians was significantly higher after mast year than one year before, while the differences between the Alps and Carpathians after mast years were statistically not significant. Fungi have been isolated from practically all dead beechnuts and dead germinants. The number of beechnuts per seed trap, the number of germinants around it and the relative number of fungal colonies obtained from plastic boxes placed in the same sample plot were not significantly correlated. The mortality of germinants continued throughout the spring; the number of life germinants in the middle of May amounted to 0.87% of the initial number of beechnuts in the Carpathians and only 0.28% in the Alps. High rates of beechnut and germinant mortality could probably offset the huge reproductive effort of European beech in old-growth stands and limit the possibility to attain absolute dominance by that species. However, our hypothesis that the build-up of fungal pathogens on the forest floor old-growth stands is able to stop the regeneration of beech still needs to be tested using larger data sets.

10

Results of large-size timber extracting with a grapple skidder

84%

Bembenek M., Mederski P. S., Erler J., Giefing D. F.

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Silvarum Colendarum Ratio et Industria Lignaria

|

2011

|

tom 10

|

nr 3

A new HSM 904Z 6WD skidder of a large size was tested in a 140-year-old beech stand in northern Poland. The aim of the study was to analyse machine productivity and impact on the soil (bulk density and cone penetrometer test) and the remaining natural regeneration caused by skidding. Trees were cut by chainsaw and, if possible, felled into the direction of the skidroads. After delimbing, logs with a top diameter of a minimum 7 cm over the bark were prepared. The average skidding operational productivity including piling was 21.0 m3x h-1. At the same time, the level of damage in natural regeneration was: 18% (38% due to both: felling and skidding). An analysis of the soil after skidding showed that the density had grown by 15-30 gx cm-3. Increase of penetration resistance was up to 2.77 MPa as the biggest.

11

The Pinus rotundata Link bog forests on mined peat bogs - is the conservation of undisturbed edge an effective tool for its protection?

84%

Unar P., Janik D., Soucek J., Vrska T., Adam D., Kral K., Hort L.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2012

|

tom 60

|

nr 4

Peat mining has a serious impact on the Pinus rotundata Link habitat. The possibility of sustaining a vital Pinus rotundata bog forest on undisturbed edges of mined peat bog was assessed. 28.7 ha of undisturbed edge of Borkovicka blata peat bog were sampled by regular grid of circular sample plots. Data about tree layer, natural regeneration of woody species as well as herb layer were collected. The impact of mined area drainage on vegetation communities in the undisturbed edge of peat bogs was discovered. The original Pinus rotundata bog forest is getting older and it is gradually being replaced by forest stands dominated by Picea abies (L.) Karsten, Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh. The character of vegetation changes more rapidly with the increasing vertical distance of the remaining fragment and the mined part. This secondary elevation represents a serious problem in the water regime restoration and consequent revitalisation of the Pinus rotundata bog forest on the undisturbed edge of the mined peat bog.

12

Natural regeneration of alien trees and shrubs at Rogow Arboretum od Warsaw University of Life Sciences

84%

Banaszczak P., Tumilowicz J.

Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Dendrologicznego

|

2009

|

tom 57

The list of 46 self-sowing alien woody plant taxa in Rogów Arboretum is presented, which is an expantion of the list from 1992 when the first article on spontaneous regeneration of alien tree and shrub taxa in the Arboretum was published. Most of species described are rather infrequently found in Polish collections and are known to produce self-seedlings not capable of sexual reproduction, however Abies grandis can be included into group of plants that could produce seedlings capable of sexual reproduction.

13

Annual dynamics of natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) on a research plot located in the area of forest decline in the Silesian Beskid Mountains

84%

Ambrozy S.

Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry

|

2010

|

tom 52

|

nr 2

The study shows a high dynamics approximately five-year-old natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) growing on the research plot located in the fertile mountain habitat in the middle of the lower montane forest zone in the Silesian Beskid Mountains (Beskid Śląski) compared to its co-occurring species. The dynamics is expressed as a significant annual increment in height and diameter of birch trees, leading in consequence to the appearance of an older sapling phase for most regenerations of this species. This creates the possibility of early undercanopy planting of tree species adjusted to the site conditions, mainly silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).

14

Morphological plasticity of leaves in natural regeneration of Fagus sylvatica L.: effects of direct and diffuse light, ontogeny and shoot type

84%

Jarcuska B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2011

|

tom 59

|

nr 2

It is known that the role of accessible light as a growth-determining factor in beech natural regeneration rises in importance with growth of individuals. However, the accompanied changes in leaf traits underlying this shift in light demands are not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate influence of ontogenetic stage (0.5 m high ‘seedlings‘, 2.1 m ‘saplings‘), shoot type (terminal, lateral long and lateral short) and diffuse and direct light on morphological traits of leaves at spring-shoot-level in naturally regenerated beech individuals – shoot mean leaf area (mLA), shoot mean leaf weight (mLW), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf area per shoot unit length (LAL), leaf mass per shoot unit length (LWL), number of leaves per shoot unit length (NLL), and ratio of mean-leaf width to its length (LSh). Ontogenetic drift affected the values of these traits; its influence depended on shoot type and component of light. The light explained more trait variability in saplings compared to seedlings (on average 45% vs 32%). The most evident shift was in the case of direct light – while direct light explained on average 18% of traits variability in seedlings, it was about 42% in saplings. The saplings compared with seedlings showed higher values of mLA, mLW, LMA, LAL on short shoots, LWL on lateral long and short shoots, LSh on terminal and lateral long shoots, and lower NLL values on terminal and long lateral shoots. Plastic response to light was higher in saplings than in seedlings (except mLA). Generally, the observed traits showed more plastic response to diffuse than to direct light in seedlings; the response of saplings was similar in both light components. The most plastic trait was LMA, the least LSh. Individuals of saplings displayed higher plasticity in traits close correlating with annual length growth of main axis, which suggests that saplings would benefit from increased light availability more than seedlings.

15

Improving seed germination and seedling emergence in the Juniperus communis

84%

Tylkowski T.

Dendrobiology

|

2009

|

tom 61

47-53

The observed juniper decline, lack of natural regeneration, and disappearance of numerous populations of the common juniper in Poland, were the major reasons for initiation of research on its sexual propagation and seedling production. This study shows that seed dormancy in this species is broken by warm-cold stratification at 15°C/3°C, for 14+12 weeks, respectively. Seed drying for 72 h at room temperature in the middle of the warm phase (i.e. after 4–8 weeks of stratification at 15°C) and the following cold stratification at 3°C, cause a significant increase in seed germination capacity at cyclically alternating temperatures of 3~15°C, and in seedling emergence in growing trays (67 cells each) in a greenhouse. However, seedling emergence was over 2-fold to 4-fold lower in an open nursery than in the greenhouse. After sowing in the nursery, secondary dormancy was probably induced, because some seeds germinated in the following year. Some very young, 2-year-old seedlings started to produce male or rarely female cones. This study also showed that soil conditions of mother plants can influence the pattern of seed germination and seed ling emergence.

16

High reproductive effort and low recruitment rates of European beech: Is there a limit for the superior competitor?

84%

Szwagrzyk J., Gratzer G., Stepniewska H., Szewczyk J., Veselinovic B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

|

2015

|

tom 63

|

nr 2

European beech is a superior competitor among the trees of Central Europe, often growing in pure stands. We proposed a hypothesis, that once beech has reached dominance in forest community, it's recruitment could become limited due to the gradual accumulation of pathogens attacking seeds and seedlings. We employed data on seed production and germination along with a field experiment to estimate the germination success of beech in two old-growth forests. Beech produced more seeds than the co-occurring coniferous trees, but less than 1% of beechnuts germinated in the next season. In the field experiment, the percentage of decayed beechnuts was 57% in the Carpathians and 61% in the Alps. Most of the dead germinants and decayed beechnuts were infested by fungi. The average number of fungal colonies per one sample in the Carpathians was significantly higher after mast year than one year before, while the differences between the Alps and Carpathians after mast years were statistically not significant. Fungi have been isolated from practically all dead beechnuts and dead germinants. The number of beechnuts per seed trap, the number of germinants around it and the relative number of fungal colonies obtained from plastic boxes placed in the same sample plot were not significantly correlated. The mortality of germinants continued throughout the spring; the number of life germinants in the middle of May amounted to 0.87% of the initial number of beechnuts in the Carpathians and only 0.28% in the Alps. High rates of beechnut and germinant mortality could probably offset the huge reproductive effort of European beech in old-growth stands and limit the possibility to attain absolute dominance by that species. However, our hypothesis that the build-up of fungal pathogens on the forest floor old-growth stands is able to stop the regeneration of beech still needs to be tested using larger data sets.

17

An assessment of genetic diversity following natural regeneration of Sorbus torminalis in the Forest District of Jamy (northern Poland)

84%

Bednorz L., Myczko L., Kosinski P.

Dendrobiology

|

2015

|

tom 73

The subject of the study was a population of Sorbus torminalis resulting from spontaneous regeneration from seeds in northern Poland at the north-eastern limit of the species distribution. The population, occupying a fenced plot of 1.72 ha in the Forest District of Jamy, amounted to 579 individuals of variable age classes up to about 19 years old. Six polymorphic gene loci: MDH-B, ME-A, 6PGD-B, ADH-B, PGM-A, PGM-B were studied in 532 individuals recruited post-fencing and 21 potentially parental, adult trees. The analysis showed similarly high levels of genetic diversity within both subsets of individuals but there was also a noticeable change in genetic structure between them. Detailed genetic analysis of the post-fencing recruits revealed lack of significant differences between different age groups based on DBH within the fenced plot.

18

The history and natural regeneration of a secondary oak-beech woodland on a former wood-pasture in Hungary

84%

Varga A., Odor P., Molnar Z., Boloni J.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae

|

2015

|

tom 84

|

nr 2

Characteristic features of European woodland include both a reduction in natural forest areas and an increase in former agricultural areas occupied by secondary woodland. The management of these areas is challenging in terms of nature conservation, agricultural and forestry management and policy. The aim of our study was to reconstruct the history and to document the current tree stand structure for a secondary oak-beech woodland in Hungary. Towards the end of the 1800s, this area which was once almost completely occupied by a continuous forest, had been transformed into a wood-pasture. As a result of its gradual abandonment, the closed forest stand of the pasture increased from 10 to 52% between 1963 and 2005. The most characteristic feature of this woodland is the abundance of large trees. Globally, the number of large and ancient trees is rapidly diminishing. Therefore preserving and maintaining such areas, where large trees could live, is an essential management task.

19

Spatial autocorrelation of tree attributes in naturally regenerated managed beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in the Beskid Niski Mountains, southern Poland

84%

Szmyt J., Stoyan D.

Dendrobiology

|

2014

|

tom 71

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a widely distributed forest tree species in central, southern and western Europe. In Poland it reaches the eastern limit of its natural range. The three forest stands selected for the analysis presented here are located in the Dukla Forest Inspectorate, southern Poland in the Beskid Niski Mountains. The measurement plots were rectangular, 0.35 ha each, established under homogenous conditions. The origin of all stands is natural and up to now they were thinned several times according to selective thinning method. The main tree species on each plot is European beech. In each stand (x, y) coordinates, the species, total heights of trees and their diameters at breast height were recorded. Total tree height, diameter, basal area and tree volume were considered as marks in statistical analysis. The aim of this paper is to find out the differences in the spatial autocorrelation of different tree marks as well as to explain the reasons for differences if they were observed. The empirical mark correlation functions indicated that there is a negative spatial correlation of all these marks in all three forest stands, i.e. trees close together tend to have smaller marks than the average in the stand. No significant spatial correlation was found for the tree heights. Diameter, basal area and volume show some correlation, but only in one stand a deviation test showed that the detected spatial correlation is significant. The mark variograms indicated that neighboring trees tended to have similar sizes.

20

Natural regeneration of the European silver fir in the Sudety Mountains on soils with different particle size distribution

84%

Filipiak M., Komisarek J., Nowinski M.

Dendrobiology

|

2003

|

tom 50

In the 40 fir localities in the Sudety Mountains, varying in site conditions and the degree of natural regeneration development were taken soil samples from the mineral horizon and were subjected to particle size distribution analysis. The best regeneration of fir stands has been reported on medium-textured soils, containing a few percents of the clay fraction and from 50to 60% of sand.The poorest regeneration was reported on silty soils, located in the lower parts of slopes. In comparision with the Carpathians, spectrum of conditions in which firs grow in the Sudety Mountains is clearly shifted from coarse-textured soils to medium-textured soils.

Ograniczanie wyników

Is natural regeneration of forest stands a continuous process? A case study of an old-growth forest of the Western Carpathians

The possibilities and justification for application of Scots pine natural regeneration on coniferous forest sites

Canopy density in selected forest sites of the Bialowieza National Park's strict reserve and managed stands of the Bialowieza Forest

Gap regeneration in near-natural European beech forest stands in Central Bohemia - the role of heterogeneity and micro-habitat factors

Natural regeneration and gender-specific spatial pattern of Taxus baccata in an old-growth population in Foresta Umbra (Italy)

Relationship between forest canopy and natural regeneration in the subalpine spruce-larch forest (north-east Italy)

Natural regeneration potential of the black saxaul shrub-forests in semi-deserts of Central Asia – the Ili River delta area, SE Kazakhstan

Effects of different methods of site preparation on natural regeneration of Pinus sylvestris in Eastern Poland

Effect of tree layer and microsite on the variability of natural regeneration in autochthonous beech forests

Results of large-size timber extracting with a grapple skidder

The Pinus rotundata Link bog forests on mined peat bogs - is the conservation of undisturbed edge an effective tool for its protection?

Natural regeneration of alien trees and shrubs at Rogow Arboretum od Warsaw University of Life Sciences

Annual dynamics of natural regeneration of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) on a research plot located in the area of forest decline in the Silesian Beskid Mountains

Morphological plasticity of leaves in natural regeneration of Fagus sylvatica L.: effects of direct and diffuse light, ontogeny and shoot type

Improving seed germination and seedling emergence in the Juniperus communis

High reproductive effort and low recruitment rates of European beech: Is there a limit for the superior competitor?

An assessment of genetic diversity following natural regeneration of Sorbus torminalis in the Forest District of Jamy (northern Poland)