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Regulatory effect of CD25, an activation antigen the alpha subunit of interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) on the activity of natural killer (NK) cells was studied in fifty elderly (57-70 years old) and fifty young people (19-35 years old). Cytotoxic NK activity was assessed by 51Cr release assay, the levels of interleukin 2 (IL2) and tumour necrosis factors alpha (TNFalpha) were measured using bioassays and expression of CD16 and CD25 proteins by flow cytometry. Low NK activity in the elderly was associated with decline of full health, lowered serum concentration of IL2 and increased production of TNFalpha during NK reaction. Inhibition of TNFalpha activity by anti-TNF monoclonal antibody suppressed exclusively NK activity of low NK responders. Moreover, stimulation in vitro of blood mononuclear cells, with TNFalpha induced in the elderly low NK responders a significantly higher increase of the CD25 expression on the surface of NK cells as compared with that in the elderly high responders. Since the CD25 molecule constitutes a subunit of the high affinity receptor, binding IL2 to immunocompetent cells, its increased expression on NK cells of low NK responders would enable them to bind even low amounts of the endogenous IL2 available in this group of the elderly. Thus, an overproduction of TNFalpha seems to be a mechanism compensating, in the non-fully healthy elderly, for the decreased IL2 production, promoting efficient cytotoxic reaction.
Immunosenescence is viewed as a remodeling process with the exhaustion of naïve T cells and filling up of the immunological space with memory cells. In this study some phenotypic changes of CD8+ human cells during in vivo ageing were compared with those observed in long term cultures of lymphocytes derived from cord blood or from peripheral blood from donors of different age. Both in vivo and in vitro a significant decrease of the fraction of CD8+CD28+ cells was observed. Comparing the proportions of other T cell subpopulations (the CD4/CD8+ ratio, CD56, CD57, CD27) made it possible to conclude that replicative senescence in vitro partially reflects in vivo ageing.
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Although addiction to amphetamine (AMPH) is a serious social and medical problem, the data concerning AMPH – immune interactions are still not numerous. To analyze the mechanism of AMPH-induced changes in the function of the immune system, rats were pretreated with ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (PROP; 5 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to AMPH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Natural Killer cells cytotoxicity (NKCC) (51Cr-release assay), the number of LGLs (NK cells) (Timonen method), leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, and plasma corticosterone level (CORT) (RIA) were evaluated in the peripheral blood and spleen. In the peripheral blood increases in NKCC (+331%), as well as in LGL (+33%) and monocyte (+65%) number observed after AMPH were partially inhibited by PROP (respectively by 30%, 19%, and 30%) in contrast to lymphopenia (-19%) and granulocytosis (+65%) which were not affected by ß-blockade. In the spleen AMPH-induced decreases in NKCC (-25%) and in all the leukocyte populations number (approximately -30%) were completely blocked by PROP. Plasma CORT level, highly elevated by AMPH (+337%), was attenuated nearly by 50% under ß-adrenergic blockade. These data indicate that AMPH-induced enhancement of cytotoxic activity of NK cell is related to ß-adrenergic mechanism.
The Cordyceps genus includes many species of fungi, most of which are endoparasitoids on arthropods. The distribution of these fungi is cosmopolitan, but many occur in regions such as Asia with a hot, humid climate. These pathogens of insect pests are promising candidates for use as biological control factors. Entomopathogenic fungi including the famous Cordyceps sinensis produce bioactive compounds. Lately Cordyceps sinensis was renamed Ophiocordyceps sinensis. This fungus has a long history as a medicinal fungus. It germinates in a living host, kills and mummifies the larva, and then grows from the body of the host. Is known in Tibet as the “winter worm, summer grass”, or “Caterpillar fungus” (Yartsa gunbu). Collecting Ophiocordyceps has become an important source of money for local households in Nepal. Ophiocordyceps sinensis is cultivated as an anamorph for its medicinal and pharmaceutical properties in an artificial medium on an industrial scale. Ophiocordyceps compounds have immunostimulating properties and antitumor activity.
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