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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on the macro- and microscopic characteristics of the female reproductive tract in Polbar hens. Additionally, the authors of the study decided to verify whether this unique breed of polbar hens possesses specific characteristics of the reproductive tract, distinct from those presented in specialist literature. The research was conducted on the left ovary and oviduct extracted from 10 female birds from 6 age groups (one day old and 8, 12, 18, 24, 33 and 64 weeks old). The ovary and sections of the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland and vagina were taken for preparation in order to define the histological characteristics. In the examined hens the weight of the left ovary increased until the 33rd week of life and then underwent considerable atrophy, which was reflected in the percentage of the proportion of the examined organs in the overall mass of the body. A continued lengthening of the left ovary until the 64th week of life was noted. The ovary length by body weight index had the highest value in the first day of life, after which it decreased until the 18th week of life, while after becoming fertile, this index value rapidly rose. The microscopic analysis of the reproductive organs of the polbar breed did not reveal any specific characteristics for this breed.
В работе определено степень инфекции микроорганизмами Mycoplasmatales (роды Mycoplasma и Ureaplasma) органа размножения быков с симптомами воспаления слизистой оболочки препуция и полового члена, а также быков, свободных от этих симптомов. Для этой цели штаммы, принадлежащие упомянутым родам, пробовали изолировать из проб семени от 301 больного быка и 43 здоровых быков. Выполнено также попытки изоляции этих возбудителей из семени и промывных вод из препуциального мешка 90 быков у которых были заметны aоспалительные изменения органа размножения. Из проведенных исследований вытекает, что 78,1% быков, у которых на слизистой оболочке препуция и полового органа были видны воспалительные изменения, было инфицировано микроорганизмами Ureaplasma. Возбудители же эти были изолированы только от 25,6% здоровых животных. Концентрация уреаплазм была значительно выше в материале от больных быков чем от здоровых. В обеих же сравниваемых группах не показано отчетливой разницы в проценте животных, зараженных микроогранизмами Mycoplasma, но концентрация микоплазм была выше в материале от больных животных. В случае одновременного исследования семени и промывных вод из препуция процент животных, зараженных уреаплазмами, составлял 84,4%, а микоплзамами — 23,3%.
Pathological changes of reproduction organs within groups of cows and heifers of Lowland Black-White breed /LBW/ send to slaughterhouse on account of Bterllity were Investigated. The animals were Iron tanas located in two regions: Wielkopolska and Dolny Śląsk. The research showed three sorts of diseases: disfunction of ovaries, uterus and vagines. The most common disfunctions within the ovary were cystes and within the uterus was endometriti. The study showed that cows had more pathological changes when compared to group of heifers. The animals from the big herds had more disfunction than from small farms. The highest number of pathological changes was noted in cows from Dolny Śląsk province.
The nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide belonging to the family of trophic factors, influencing not only the population of neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system, but also cells of the immunological and endocrine systems. The expression of NGF and/or its two types of membrane receptors (NTRK1 and TFRSF1B) was found in cells of ovaries, uterus, oviduct, fetal membranes and placenta. NGF is an important element of the regulation of the ovary functioning in sexually immature and mature females. NGF contributes to the development of the innervation of ovarian structures, stimulates proliferation of steroidogenic cells and synthesis of steroids, as well as participates in the maturation of oocytes and in ovulatory process. Moreover, NGF and neurotransmitters released by adrenergic fibres can play an important role in the formation and/or the course of polycystic ovary syndrome. During the estrous cycle, besides pregnancy NGF stimulates proliferation of uterine cells which lead to the increase of the mass of the uterus. Decreased in the middle and late period of the pregnancy, the expression of this factor in the uterus contributes to neurodegenerative changes whose effect is the reduction of contractions of the uterus. In turn the augmentation of NGF production after parturition leads to the restoration of innervation in this organ. The implication of NGF and its receptors in the functioning of the oviduct, fetal membranes and placenta has not yet been recognized.
A reservoir of spermatozoa in the initial oviduct segment has been found in several species of domestic and laboratory mammals. The reservoir serves to ensure successful fertilization by providing the appropriate number spermatozoa in appropriate physiological state for fertilizing oocytes soon after they enter the oviduct. Recent evidence indicates that spermatozoa are trapped in the reservoir by binding to specific carbohydrate moieties on the surface of mucosal epithelium of the oviduct. Identification of the fucose-binding protein on bull spermatozoa that enables them to bind to oviductal epithelium was described. The state of spermatozoa that enables them to release from the reservoir was also discussed.
Nowadays, it is known that mast cells, numerously appearing in all organs and being a source of a wide range of mediators and cytokines, are involved both in physiological and pathological processes. The aim of our study was to examine whether vaginal bacteria, especially those participating in Bacterial vaginosis, are able to activate mast cells to mediators secretion. The study was done on rat peritoneal mast cells. The mast cells were incubated in vitro with suspensions ot Bacteroides capillosus, Actinomyces naeslundii (2 strains), Peptostreptococcus spp., Lactobacillus fermentum (2 strains), Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum killed by temperature. Activation of mast cells was estimated on the basis of histamine release. It was established that M. hominis, U. urealyticum and B. capillosus strongly stimulated rat mast cells to histamine secretion (histamine release 53,0%, 17.4% and 10.0%, respectively). Histamine release induced by Peptostreptacoccus spp., A. naeslundii und L. fermentum was lower (at a range of 2.4%-8.2%). The obtained results can suggest that presumably interactions between vaginal bacteria and placental mast cells could influence the course of pregnancy.
The purpose of the study was to examine male reproductive organs of the Polbar breed of chickens with regard to age and with particular emphasis on morphometric values. In addition, an analysis was undertaken to check if this unique polbar breed of chickens had specific characteristics of the reproductive tract, distinct from those presented in specialist literature. Testicles and vas deferens were extracted from 10 males in 6 age groups (one day old and 8, 12, 18, 24, 33 and 64 week old) as material for analysis. A right testicle with epididymis and part of the semen duct (its middle section) were taken for histological examination. The weight of testicles as well as their percentage in the overall body weight grows along with age and increase in body weight. The length of vas deferens grew in relation to age and body weight until the 18th week of life, after which a reduction in length took place. No specific characteristics for the Polbar breed were observed in the microscopic analysis of their reproductive organs.
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