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The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record potassium currents in in vitro differentiating myoblasts isolated from healthy and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) foetuses carrying 2000 CTG repeats. The fusion of the DM1 myoblasts was reduced in comparison to that of the control cells. The dystrophic muscle cells expressed less voltage-activated K+ (delayed rectifier and non-inactivating delayed rectifier) and inward rectifier channels than the age-matched control cells. However, the resting membrane potential was not significantly different between the control and the DM1 cells. After four days in a differentiation medium, the dystrophic cells expressed the fast-inactivating transient outward K+ channels, which were not observed in healthy cells. We suggest that the low level of potassium currents measured in differentiated DM1 cells could be related to their impaired fusion.
The ion current through individual etched ion tracks (diameter ≈50 nm, length ≈12 µm) in a poly (ethylene terephthalate) membrane is recorded at pH 7 as function of applied voltage (-5V to +5V) across the membrane. With increasing voltage, the ion current changes abruptly from random oscillations to structured fluctuations. The power spectrum and the generalized entropy of the recorded current reminds of the potassium channel of a locust muscle cell.
To assess the dependence on age of the expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins in the human semitendinosus muscle, we measured the expression levels of several apoptosis-related genes, including apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays. We found that the DNA fragmentation was proportional to the age of the tissues sample donors. The expression levels of AIF were significantly elevated (by 10 to 25%) in semitendinosus tissue samples from older individuals, but the Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and HSP 70 levels remained almost constant. This data suggests that the morphological and functional changes observed in aged human semitendinosus muscle correlates with the apoptosis of muscle cells through the induction of AIF.
The aim of the present study was to define the effect of TGF-β1 on C2C12 myoblasts myogenesis. TGF-β1 together with its receptor is a negative auto-paracrine regulator of myogenesis, which influences the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of muscle cells. TGF-β1 exerts highly significant inhibitory effect on differentiation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts manifested by the impairment of cell fusion and very low expression of myosin heavy chain. The study of differentiating C2C12 mouse myoblasts treated with TGF-β1 revealed 502 genes (436 down-regulated and 66 up-regulated) with statistically different expression. TGF-β1-regulated genes were identified to be involved in 29 biological processes, 29 molecular functions groups and 59 pathways. The strongest inhibiting effect of TGF-β1 was observed in the cadherin and Wnt pathways. The key-genes that could play the role of TGF-β1 targets during myoblasts differentiation was identified such as: Max, Creb1, Ccna2, Bax, MdfI, Tef, Tubg1, Cxcl5, Rho, Calca and Lgals4.
Actin is a globular multi-functional protein that forms microfilaments, and participates in many important cellular processes. Previous study found that Haemonchus contortus actin could be recognized by the serum of goats infected with the homology parasite. This indicated that H. contortus actin could be a potential candidate for vaccine. In this study, DNA vaccine encoding H. contortus actin was tested for protection against experimental H. contortus infections in goats. Fifteen goats were allocated into three trial groups. The animals of Actin group were vaccinated with the DNA vaccine on day 0 and 14, and challenged with 5000 infective H. contortus third stage larval (L3) on day 28. An unvaccinated positive control group was challenged with L3 at the same time. An unvaccinated negative control group was not challenged with L3. The results showed that DNA vaccine were transcribed at local injection sites and expressed in vivo post immunizations respectively. For goats in Actin vaccinated group, higher levels of serum IgG, serum IgA and mucosal IgA were produced, the percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and the concentrations of TGF-β were increased significantly (P<0.05). Following L3 challenge, the mean eggs per gram feces (EPG) and worm burdens of Actin group were reduced by 34.4% and 33.1%, respectively. This study suggest that recombinant H. contortus Actin DNA vaccine induced partial immune response and has protective potential against goat haemonchosis.
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Toxoplasma gondii and the host cells

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The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, described by Nicolle and Manceaux in 1908, is a ubiquitous and cosmopolitan parasite that infects a wide range of mammal and bird species with high prevalence. The biological success of T. gondii is associated with the formation of a specific relationship between the parasite and host cells leading to the establishment of a latent, chronic infection. During primary infection, acquired mostly by the oral route, the quickly multiplying tachyzoites disseminate through the body crossing several structural-functional barriers as bloodbrain or blood-retina, then they transform into dormant bradyzoites which, enclosed in tissue cysts, occupy preferentially the brain, skeletal muscle and eye. Although T. gondii is able to infect all kinds of nucleated cells, it uses strictly defined host cells, dependent on the life-cycle phase and infection stage. The article discusses selected aspects of the parasite passing via the host body barriers as well as particular role of dendritic cells and skeletal muscle cells, used by the parasite as an very effective vehicle to disseminate throughout the host body or the site of long-term T. gondii persistence, respectively.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARgamma) are ligand-inducible transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. We examined the effect of PPARgamma activation on the generation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major angiogenic agents. Rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and murine macrophages RAW264.7 were incubated for 24 h with PPARgamma activators: prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone. PPARgamma were expressed in VSMC and RAW cells and their activity was upregulated in the presence of PGJ2 and ciglitazone. Incubation of the cells with PPARgamma activators significantly augmented the release of VEGF protein into the media, both in resting and in IL-1beta- or LPS-stimulated cultures. The higher protein generation was connected with the increased expression of mRNA and transcriptional activation of VEGF promoter. We conclude that the activation of PPARgamma upregulates the generation of VEGF and may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis.
The smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the arterial media play a predominant role in functional and structural alterations of the arterial wall. The transition from the “contractile” to the “synthetic” phenotype appears to be an early critical event in the development of atherosclerotic disease. A number of observations suggest that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (calcitriol) is of importance in maintaining normal cardiovascular function through its receptors in cardiac myocytes or aortal SMCs. The present study has focused on the microtubular (MT) network reorganisation after exposure to calcitriol. SMCs isolated by enzymatic digestion from the aortal media of neonatal rats were cultured on glass cover slips. 1 μM of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ was added to the culture medium every second day. The cytoskeletal features of SMCs after calcitriol were visualised by the immunofluorescence staining of α-tubulin. The alterations in α-tubulin expression and the distribution of microtubules related to the activities of the vascular smooth muscle cells, namely adhesion, migration, multilayer formation and cell division, were observed. A spindle shape, decreased cell adhesion, low expression of α-tubulin and a longitudinally arranged microtubular network manifested the high rate of SMC differentiation in the calcitriol-treated culture. A flat stellate morphology, high expression of α-tubulin and a radially distributed three-dimensional microtubular network were observed in the SMCs of the control culture. Destructive changes in the microtubular architecture which altered the cellular shape were evident in SMCs undergoing apoptosis. Cells with apoptotic features were more frequent in calcitriol-exposed culture. In contrast to the regular SMC divisions observed in the control culture, some of the mitotic cells exposed to calcitriol contained broader bipolar, multipolar or disordered spindles. These alterations in the SMCs’ microtubular cytoskeleton after calcitriol treatment were concomitant with changes in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and may suggest a similarity to atherosclerotic plaque formation.
Ryanodine treatment - a plant alkaloid known to be a powerful inhibitor of muscle contraction - changes the ionic selectivity and conductance of several types of K+ channels in muscle cells. Available data provide evidence that the effects of ryanodine on K+ channel properties are not secondary to Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, but result from a direct interaction of the alkaloid with the channel protein. In the present investigations we applied the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to study ryanodine effects on the properties of Kv1.3 channels, which are present in lymphocytes and rat brain cells. The effects of ryanodine applied in the concentration range 10-5-10-4 M on the ionic selectivity, conductance, gating and kinetics of Kv1.3 channels expressed in human T lymphocytes were examined. Our data provide evidence that none of these properties was changed upon ryanodine treatment. Altogether, our data support the notion that Ryanodine may interact with various types of K+ channels differently. The different response to Ryanodine treatment might be another pharmacological feature delineating differences among various types of K+ channels.
A microscopic study was carried out on 10 specimens of visceral and superior mesenteric arteries and their branches, taken from domestic pigs. Some thickenings in the middle tunic of the visceral artery and its main branches were observed. The thickenings appeared at intervals of about 2 cm and were even several centimetres long. The structure of the thickenings was similar. Besides numerous circularly arranged elastic fibres, it contained clusters of modified myocytes located under the stratifying internal elastic membrane. In cross-sections, the myocytes, lying perpendicularly to the proper muscle layer, looked like epithelial cells, and due to that, they were defined as epithelial muscle cells. They formed a distinct ring around the vessels (superior mesenteric artery). They may play the regulatory function in relation to the circularly arranged myocytes.
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