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Certain features of leeches make them potentially very useful in the biological assessment of freshwaters as bio-indicators of water pollution, especially in moderately polluted lowland watercourses. The main aim of the study was to test their usefulness as indicators of the level of habitat degradation. The composition of leech samples and the main abiotic parameters in water samples, which had been taken simultaneously in six lowland streams of north-eastern Poland and the relations between them were investigated. Multivariate methods of data analysis were used to test if particular leech species or the taxonomic composition of assemblages thereof could be useful in predicting the assessed quality of the environment. The greatest difficulty with analysis of the results is to separate the effect of the stream (site specifics) from the effect of environmental quality, expressed as Cumulative Index of Environmental Quality (CIEQ). An important result of this study is the highly consistent prediction of the level of water pollution to be attained on the basis of leech taxonomic composition using Discriminant Function Analysis. Some common leech species were found to be good, positive or negative indicators of pollution level. The classifications of Glossiphonia complanata and Erpobdella octoculata as negative bio-indicators corroborates the conclusions of numerous previous studies, in contrast with the indicative value of Helobdella stagnalis, shown previously to be rather a negative indicator. It would seem to be necessary, for biomonitoring purposes, to identify detailly the leeches of such ecologically different families as Glossiphonidae and Erpobdellidae.
The paper presents results of multivariate analyses assessing variation in quantitative traits after the application of nitrogen and magnesium rates in cultivation of two types of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, i.e. ES Palazzo and the stay-green ES Paroli. The purpose of this study was to assess the multivariate phenotypic variation of 16 objects which are a combination of four nitrogen doses, two doses of magnesium and two varieties characterized by varying the rate of aging. Observations were conducted for eight traits: plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, ear volume, the number of plants after emergence, the number of plants before harvest, plant loss rates in the vegetation period, observed in the course of three years (2009-2011). Statistical analysis of results was performed using the multivariate methods. Analysis of canonical variables proved to be a reliable tool providing a comprehensive assessment of variation in the effect of urea and magnesium fertilisation combinations on many traits simultaneously. The most variable treatments were A2B2C2 (50 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Paroli SG) and A4B2C1 (150 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Palazzo). The most similar treatments (in terms of eight traits treated jointly) included A2B2C2 (50 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Paroli SG) and A3B2C2 (100 kg N ha-1, 25 kg MgO ha-1 for ES Paroli SG). Mahalanobis distances between individual treatments in individual years of observations were positive and correlated statistically significantly.
The results of plant breeding trials with populations of fodder pea strains and broad bean hybrids were the basis of consideration on the interrelationship between some traits - the yield structure elements. Developed by Eaton, a relatively new method of yield component analysis called the two-dimensional partitioning method (TDP) was applied to analyse the data. The method, which combines multiple regression and ANOVA, allows for concise tabular presentation and simple interpretation of the distribution of traits in one direction and the sources of variance according to ANOVA model in the other direction. Additionally, the interpretation of the results was supported by such standard statistical techniques as ANOVA, simple and multiple regression and path analysis. The main components of pea yielding were plant height and the number of pods per plant. Among the analysed characters of broad bean the number of nodes with pods on the main stem, which turned out to be the determinant of broad bean yielding, might be strongly affected by environmental conditions. The number of nodes with pods might be considered a selecting character of high potential yielding of broad bean genotypes.
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