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Due to the ease and low cost of implementation, a commonly used method of determining the humus content in soils is the loss-on-ignition (LOI) method. Several regression equations and transformation factors are reported for LOI conversion to soil organic matter (SOM) or total organic carbon (TOC) content. The vast majority of the conversion factors have been developed for surface horizons of lowland soils, while there are only few findings from the mountainous areas. 476 mineral and 79 organic (forest litter) samples from 31 soil profiles located in different altitude zones of the Karkonosze Mountains and under different vegetation were used for analysis. LOI was determined by the drying-weighing method and TOC by the dry combustion method with CO₂ absorption. The average LOI/TOC ratio was about 2, but varied in accordance to LOI value. At the LOI value above 8–10%, the LOI/TOC is maintained at a constant level of 2.0, but with a decreasing LOI it may significantly extend, up to 20 at LOI <1%. In the mountain soils, the best compatibility of TOC determined and estimated based on LOI was obtained when using different conversion factors ( 7.3, 5.0, 3.1 and 2.0) for the four LOI ranges (0–2, 2–4, 4–8, and > 8%, respectively) or when using separate regression equations for LOI of <8 and >8%. Because of huge TOC overestimation by LOI method at LOI values lower than 8–10%, the conversion LOI to TOC is not recommended, unless the direct measurement of TOC content is currently unavailable (e.g. in archival databases).1
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The object of investigations were mountain soils derived from various parent rocks which were fallowed during five and ten years, in comparison to arable soils. The aim of the research was to characterise physical properties of the fallows and adjoining arable fields. The obtained results point to higher values of porosity, bulk density as well as content of total carbon of fallows in comparison to arable soils. On the analysed fallows far higher growth of weed with high contribution of many-year species was found,
In this paper the results of studies on three different forms of phosphorus – total, organic and inorganic – in soils of the Chornohora massif (Eastern Carpathians, Ukraine), depending on altitude, have been presented. The studied gleyed acid brown soils are situated in the belt of alpine meadows (1760 and 2057 m a.s.l.) and in the forest layer (1020 and 1120 m a.s.l.).
One factor field experiment was performed from 1992 to 1996 in Czyrna near Krynica (Low Beskid). Influence of the number of days without a plant cover upon intensity of soil losses was studied for 3 four-field crop rotations at a mountain side of average 13.5% slope. The content of plants displaying high soil-protective capacities contributed increasingly into successive crop rotations. The research has led to conclusion that soil loss intensity (y) is directly proportional to the number of days (x) at which the soil remained uncovered, counted from harvesting a preceding plant to sowing a proceeding plant that has been assessed. The relationship can be described by the following a regression equation: y = 0.168x + 9.828 [kgˇha-1ˇyear-1]; n = 136, á = 0.01; r = 0.723.
W pracy przedstawiono badania wykonane dla porównania wyników pomiarów uwilgotnienia gleby uzyskanych metod TDR i metodą grawimetryczną suszarkowo-wagową. Badania wykonano w glebach terenów górskich o znacznej zawartoci części szkieletowych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz przy pomocy programu Statistica stwierdzono zaleność bardzo silną (współczynnik korelacji r>0,9), najniższą wartość współczynnika r uzyskano dla gliny ciężkiej o zawartości części > 1 mm 31,2% (r = 0,9198). Obserwowane niewielkie różnice w pomierzonych wartościach uwilgotnienia obiema metodami, których przyczyn mogła być zmienność przestrzenna właściwoci gleby oraz zmiany gęstości gleby na przestrzeni czasu, a także dokładność zastosowanego urządzenia pomiarowego i temperatura gleby. Z uwagi na niedestruktywność, dokładność i szybkość pomiaru przy użyciu metody TDR, technika ta w podobnych utworach może znaleźć zastosowanie.
Investigations have been carried out on the soil material taken from 46 profiles representing lithogenic soils from non-forest areas of the Tatra National Park. When selecting soil material an altitude above sea level (over 1250 m a.s.l.), a rock parent type (non-calcareous and calcareous) were taken into account, in case of non calcerous soils, the weakly developed soils - rankers were selected. On the basis of the investigetions the following conclusions have been drawn: sorption properties of ectohumus horizons in most of investigated lithogenic soils (rankers and rendzinas) are differ- enciated and formed under the influence of parent rocks. Ectohumus of Oh horizons of rankers sorbed exchangeable cations in following order H+>Ca2+≥Mg2+>K+>Na+. In composition of cations in Oh horizons of rendzinas dominated cations of calcium and the order was as follows: Ca2+>Mg2+>H+>K+≥Na+. In ectohumus of Oh horizons of rendzinas occurring under bilberry heath and pine dwarf and rankers the composition of exchangeable ions as well as a degree of base saturation were close. In investigated soils sorption properties of mineral or organic-mineral horizons AC or ABC, occurring in direct contact with the parent rock, were formed under the influence of lithogenic factor.
The phenomena of colloid coagulation and peptization have a significant role in the circulation of elements in the surface layer of lithosphere, and in particular in the soil environment. Thanks to their structural properties, the mineral, mineral-organic and organic colloids that occur in colloidal systems largely influence the entire processes leading to erosion. The majority of issues related to the intensification of migration soil colloids and ions in the lithosphere are related to their electrokinetic properties. An attempt has been made in this paper to determine the dispersion state of soil colloidal systems exposed to water erosion by measuring the difference of electrical potentials generated in the gravimetric sedimentation process of colloidal particles. Preliminary results make it plausible to claim that, depending on the quantity and quality of ions in soil solutions and on the qualitative and quantitative composition of colloids, the potential difference determined using measurement electrodes is proportional to the electrokinetic potential of the particles. Such measurements can be carried out in the field. The suggested method is based on recording the difference in potentials with a conjugated measurement electrode, which enables determination of the state of soil colloidal dispersion in the biochemical processes, which occur in the surface layers of the lithosphere.
The investigations were made to determine the content of humus compounds in podzols of the upper mountain zone spruce forest of Mt. Babia Góra formed on Magura sandstone. These compounds were extracted according to a modified method of Boratyński and Wilk [3]; their contents approximate those of similar soils in the Karkonosze and the Tatra Mts. except the strongly bound fraction extracted by 0.1 M NaOH after acid hydrolysis. In this fraction the author determined a much higher content of humic acids in horizons AoH and A, + 2 (Table 1). In these soils — submitted to immission of industrial dusts from the area of the Silesian Industrial District - the contents of zinc, lead, and cadmium indicate an accumulation (especially of Pb and Cd) in horizons AoF and AoH (Table 2). The coefficients of accumulation of heavy metals in the raw humus horizon AoH amount to 4 for lead, to 1.5 for cadmium. They testify distinctly to a pollution by these metals of the soils situated on the northern slope of Mt. Babia Góra.
Badano wpływ przedplonu sosnowego różnych klas wieku (11-50 lat) na eutroficzne gleby porolne w Beskidzie Sądeckim. Stwierdzono, że po 40-50 lalach oddziaływania przedplonów sosnowych morfologia profilów, głębokość biologiczna i właściwości fizyczne poziomów akumulacji próchnicy gleb porolnych są zbliżone do oznaczonych w glebach leśnych pod drzewostanami jodłowymi. Gleby porolne różnią się od gleb użytkowanych rolniczo morfologią profilu i właściwościami fizycznymi.
Badano zmiany właściwości chemicznych gleb porolnych zachodzące w okresie pierwszych 50 lat wzrostu przedplonów sosnowych. Stwierdzono wzrost kwasowości czynnej, kwasowości potencjalnej, zawartości A1 ruchomego, materii organicznej, rozszerzanie się wartości C:N i tendencję do wzrostu przyswajalnego K, Mn, Zn. Zakwaszenie gleby spowodowało obniżenie nasycenia gleby kationami zasadowymi i zmniejszenie zawartości wymiennego Ca i przyswajalnego Mg. P. Zmiany zaznaczają się tylko w poziomie akumulacji próchnicy i stopniowo upodabniają gleby porolne do gleb leśnych występujących pod drzewostanami jodłowymi.
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