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The incidence and severity of butt rot were assessed in 12 selected Norway spruce seed stands in the Beskidy Mountains, Poland. A semi-invasive technique of sonic tomography was used for the assessment of rot damage. Stands of different age classes (100–120, 130–150, 160–170 years old) and distinct regions of provenance (Istebna and Orawa) were investigated. Hierarchical analysis of variance was used to determine effects of stand age and stand provenance on butt rot occurrence at a stand level. High incidence of butt rot was noted in all of the studied seed stands (47% to 87% of diagnosed tree samples). Stand age had a significant effect on percentage share of ‘damaged wood’ on the tomogram. The extent of rot damage was rising with stand age, and the largest was observed in the age category 160–170 years. Spruce stands of Istebna provenance were generally more damaged by butt rot than those of Orawa provenance, however, the latter have been growing in forest sites more suitable for spruce in terms of fertility and altitude. Hierarchical analysis of variance did not show a statistically significant relationship between the region of provenance and average share of ‘damaged wood’ on the tomogram. Presented results indicate that for stands growing in similar conditions vulnerability to butt rot is determined by stand age. Further research is needed to separate impact of stand provenance identified with specific genetic constitution of a population from the effect of environmental conditions typical of a given region of provenance.
The objective of this study was to obtain primary information on the occurrence of blood parasites and intensity of infection in the Dunnock Prunella modularis in the montane region of Slovakia. Altogether 109 birds were examined during the years 2006–2010. The occurrence of Haemoproteus sp., Leucocytozoon fringillinarum and Trypanosoma sp. was documented. Blood parasite prevalences of 45% by microscopic examination and 55% by PCR diagnostics were found. The prevalence of Leucocytozoon sp. was found to be dependent on host sex with males showing a significantly higher intensity of infection with Leucocytozoon. Adult birds showed significantly higher infection prevalence than subadults. The prevalences of both Leucocytozoon sp. and Haemoproteus sp. were significantly dependent on bird age. The intensity of infection with Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon was positively correlated and higher intensity of infection was confirmed in adult birds then in subadults birds. The prevalence of blood parasites in our samples was significantly higher in comparison to most other studies from different countries of Europe conducted at lower altitudes, indicating that the montane zone is especially favourable for the transmission of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus species.
Malaxis monophyllos is a rare orchid with a fragmented boreal-montane distribution in Europe where it is associated with both natural swampy and anthropogenic habitats. We employed extensive sampling of M. monophyllos populations from different habitat types, over its whole European geographic range, to examine its genetic diversity patterns and phylogeographic structure using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Our results revealed the relatively low genetic diversity of M. monophyllos, with the effect of small population sizes and inbreeding as the driving forces operating within the European part of its range. The statistically highest values of genetic diversity were found in populations from the boreal region (average: percentage of polymorphic loci PPL₃ = 21.6%, Nei's gene diversity Hj₃ = 0.144, the rarity index DW₃ = 1.34), while populations from mountainous regions were characterised by a reduced level of genetic diversity (e.g. an average for Alpine populations: PPL₃ = 18.1%, Hj₃ = 0.121, DW₃ = 0.84) in comparison to boreal ones. Our results revealed that the newly established anthropogenic populations in the Polish uplands were probably founded from numerous external sources and should be considered a significant source of the species' genetic diversity. We also confirmed the low genetic differentiation among M. monophyllos populations (FST = 0.074), with the lack of distinguishable genetic clusters, that supports results about the multidirectional gene flow between M. monophyllos populations in Europe, and directed conservation efforts on conserving all suitable for this species habitats.
Application of a complex assessment of landslide hazards in mountain regions. The main regional factors of occurrence and activation of landslides within the mountain region were examined. As a result of study of recommendations made by experts, geologists, and gap analysis of existing methods of forecasting the landslide process, an algorithm of comprehensive assessment of landslide hazard areas based on the construction of models in a GIS environment was proposed. These models describe the spatial patterns of landslides. All factors determining the tendency of the studies area to the landslide process development were divided into actual factors, reflecting the regional peculiarities of the territory and forming the landslide-prone slopes (static model), as well as triggering factors, initiating the landslide process and determining its activity (dynamic model). The first cartographic model was built, showing the distribution of the deterministic indirect indicator of landslide hazard, i.e. stability index.
Mountain forests are facing substantial changes. The need to adapt forest management to climate change is overlaid by the consequences of demographic changes that alter the form of land use profoundly. The European policy is aware of the challenges and supports mountain regions by the Regulation for Rural Developments and other strategies. Regional efforts of the Forest Authorities account for the changing ownership structure in order to ensure sustainable forest management and the provision of the dependent ecosystem services.
The aim of the article was to specify and analyze the replacement value of farm buildings and the annual and unitary costs of their operation in terms of labor productivity. For comparative analysis of the test objects, these objects were divided into area groups: to 10 ha, from 10.01 to 20.00 ha and above 20 ha of arable land. The scope of research included organic farms located in the mountain region specializing in livestock production.
In the paper, the methods for development of relational basis of topographical data and its processing into a form of maps of slopes, exposures and relative intensity of solar radiation, have been presented. The above mentioned process was divided into four stages: -gaining of data on terrain and their processing into a vector farm, -processing of data on terrain into a screen form, -calculation of slopes, exposures and relative intensity of solar radiation in screening system, -presentation of results in a graphical form, i.e. maps. Final results and maps of slopes, exposures and relative intensity of solar radiation will serve a verification of the following borders: agricultural-forest and sod-field.
Topsoil values of magnetic susceptibility (ĸ) were measured in forests of many mountain ranges of Southern Poland. The measurements were done directly on the soil surface and also in vertical profiles up to 30 cm depth. The aim of this study was interpretation of obtained ĸ data in respect to their natural or anthropogenic origin. For this purpose in 9 samples coming from 3 topsoil cores, representing 3 different soil horizons with enhanced ĸ values an additional magneto-mineralogical analysis were performed. On the base of some key magnetic parameters (ₓ , SIRM, HCR, S) the characterization of form and grain size of magnetic particles causing the enhanced ĸ values in study soil horizons was done. On the most of study areas the ĸ values were low, indicating the lack or low content of anthropogenic magnetic particles coming from urban and industrial dust deposition. Their presence in higher concentration was indicated in soils from Silesian Beskids and Little Beskids as well as in Wałbrzych area. To some degree it was also observed in western part of Żywiec Beskids.
As water becomes increasingly scarce, water managers are seeking new and sustainable solutions to water supply problems. Any inappropriate human activity in a river basin can bring about a series of irreversible changes that may completely influence the character of water resources and the way of their downstream usage. The presented methodical principle represents an attempt to solve problems of the international interest in relationship between human activities, the environment and natural resources, particularly water and soil resources. The main idea of the principle is to select areas with the greatest landscape potential for infiltration and retention of atmospheric precipitation. Then, in the areas there follows management of human activities for supporting of precipitation infiltration and retention as well as for minimizing possible adverse environmental and socio-economic consequences. Methodology was used in the upper Váh river basin (Slovakia) which represents a significant territory of the Váh River spring areas.
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