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The characteristic of Pinus uncinata on the basis of biometrical analyses of 16 cone features was done. The research was based on 8 samples representing 6 populations, consisting of 50 cones each, collected in the Pyrenees, within the natural range of the species. All the investigated cone features were moderately differentiated, with the variation coefficient ranging from 8 to 30%. The particular populations differ significantly from each other statistically according to several features examined. The samples collected in the same population also vary significantly. The differences between populations, however, do not enable their division into groups, which supports their origination from the same Pleistocene refugia.
Pinus uliginosa is an interesting taxon from the Pinus mugo complex with controversial systematic position andspecific characteristics, intermediate among P. mugo, P. uncinata and P. sylvestris. The peat-bog pine is rare andprotectedin Poland. All its’ known populations have a relict character andare slightly different from each other. The aim of the present study was comparison of the individuals from the Czarne Bagno of the “Torfowisko pod Zieleńcem” Nature Reserve (Sudetes), determined in the field on the basis of morphological characteristics as Pinus uliginosa, with four samples of this taxon from the northern limits of its range in PolandandGer - many andwith Pinus sylvestris, P. mugo and P. uncinata, to verify morphological andtaxonomic relations between them. The material collected from 30 individuals determined as P. uliginosa, was closest to populations of P. uliginosa from the Bory Dolnośląskie, andto P. mugo from the Tatra Mts., concerning the needle characters. The cone characteristics of P. uliginosa individuals from the Czarne Bagno appeared similar to all other of that taxon. In spite of that, the cone characters first of all differentiate P. uliginosa from P. sylvestris, P. mugo and P. uncinata. The combination of needle and cone morphological characters are a good tool to distinguish P. sylvestris, P. uncinata, P. mugo and P. uliginosa with a very high probability.
The basic aim of the work was to widen the knowledge about variation of Pinus mugo in the Karkonosze (Giant) Mountains and verification of provenance of several, probably planted populations on that basis. Seven populations were sampled, four on hardly accessible precipices of glacial cirques as natural, and three on the topical, mostly plane or only slightly in clined parts of the mountains as potentially alien ones. The variation of the needles was biometrically analyzed in respect of 23 morphological and anatomical characters. Measurement data were subject of multivariate statistical analyses. Results call attention on rather continuous variability of P. mugo in the Karkonosze Mts. The differences among samples were found as relatively low and no direct connections have been detected between variation and provenance from precipices versus plane sites.
The studies were conducted on the shrubs of mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in the years 1999-2001. Observations were performed on the plants growing in the green areas of Lublin in two sites: a street site (A) and a park one (B). The purpose of the studies was to establish the species composition and the population dynamics of aphids inhabiting dwarf mountain pine. The studies on the shrubs of the mountain pine found out the presence of four species of aphids: Cinara pini L., Schizolachnus pineti F., Eulachnus rileyi (Will.) and Pineus pini (Ratz.). Among those, only C. pini occurred in both sites in each of the studied years. Weather conditions had an effect on the development of aphid population. A delayed period of vegetation, air temperatures above 30°C as well as stormy rainfalls considerably limited the population of aphids.
The influence of dwarf mountain pine scrub degradation on organic matter transformation was analyzed in this paper. The subject of the research were podzolic soils covered by the scrubs of the dwarf mountain pine without any visible symptoms of degradation, with the dying dwarf mountain pine and with the extinct dwarf mountain pine and successively developing grass. The microhabitat conditions in the degraded ecosystems were conducive to intensified minera- lization with a simultaneous forming of low-molecular humic bonds characterized by significant liability. Because of this a high degree of the humification of the organic matter conditioned by the illuvial character of the fulvic fraction and fulvic acids appeared in the enrichment horizons of the degraded soils. The conditions of humification in the degraded habitats of dwarf mountain pine scrubs lead also to the formation of weakly mature humic acids, characterized by a lower degree of particle internal oxidation especially in the OH horizons.
Observations were conducted in the years 1999-2001 on the shrubs Pinus mugo Turra growing in the green areas of Lublin in two sites (street and park). The purpose of the studies was to establish the domination and frequency of aphids, their effect on the decorative character of shrubs and the occurrence of the aphidophagous arthropods in the aphid colonies inhabiting mountain pine. It was found out that Schizolachnus pineti F. was the dominating species in the street site (A), while Ci tiara pini L. dominated in the park site (B). The decorative character of shrubs was clearly lowered only by aphids S. pineti. Predatory arthropods occurred in aphid colonies inhabiting the shrubs P. mugo. Their population in both sites was low, that is why they probably had little influence on limiting the aphid population. Parasitic Hymenoptera of I and II degrees obtained from a culture of aphid mummies were more numerous in the street site.
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Two year-old needles were collected from 57 individuals from the Tatra Mts. between Grześ and Wołowiec summits. The needles were analysed in respect to 16 morphological and anatomical traits. Data obtained were subject of multivariate statistical analyses. The most stable traits appear to be needle thickness/width ratio, needle thickness and width, and width of epidermal cells. The most variable traits include the distance between vascular bundles and Marcet's coefficient. Intrapopulational variation is low.
The evaluation of healthiness of infected mountain pine’s needles was conducted for three years (2011–2013) at few experimental places: Równia pod Śnieżką, Spalona Strażnica, Kocioł Małego Stawu, Kocioł Wielkiego Stawu, Łabski Szczyt and Szrenica. Needles with symptoms of brown spot needle blight were found in subalpine zone of Karkonosze Mts. The field research observations revealed that the greatest severity of symptoms of brown spot needle blight on needles occurred in July. In the first year of the study (2011) disease symptoms were recorded at a level of 5–10% of infected needles at each studied site. In the second year of the study the least number of plants with spotted brown needles (5% of infected needles) was recorded at Równia pod Śnieżką, Kocioł Małego Stawu, Łabski Szczyt and Szrenica while the plants in the region Kocioł Wielkiego Stawu were the most infected, up to 15%. In 2013 situation changed and the highest number of infected plants was at Równia pod Śnieżką (15%).
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