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The temperature of standing water is one of the most frequently measured abiotic parameters of lakes. While some of the Tatra lakes have been investigated in modern times, those in the Karkonosze Mountains have never been an object of planned, systematic thermal studies. Our article presents the results of a unique methodology of research on the thermal characteristics of waters of Wielki Staw and Morskie Oko. They yielded full information about the vertical distribution of water temperatures in both lakes in an exceptionally warm month - July 2006. By employing gradient thermal probes, it was possible not only to give a general description of the thermal conditions of the lakes and the current development of stratification, but also to grasp the pattern of momentary fluctuations in the water temperatures of both lakes. The research has proved that the thermal conditions of the two mountain lakes largely result from their individual morphometric diversity. Also, in terms of thermal characteristics, the lakes should not be treated on a par with those of the other geographical regions of Poland; in favourable circumstances, the temperatures of their surface waters can reach values rarely met even among lowland lakes.
Three sediment cores have been studied from the Morskie Oko (MOK), Przedni Staw Polski (PSP), and Czarny Staw Gąsienicowy (CSG) lakes to examine the recent environmental history of the alpine lakes located in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains (Carpathians). Changes in the total phosphorus concentration in the water over the past centuries were reconstructed based on diatom data (DI-TP), assuming that diatoms are good indicators of productivity in lakes. The results of the analysis showed significant alterations in the trophic status of the studied lakes over the past 50 years. Clear changes from oligotrophy to mesotrophy occurred in the lakes located close to year-round mountain huts on the shores of MOK and PSP. In contrast, DI-TP decreased in CSG, and the only symptom of higher productivity in the lake was an increase in total organic carbon.
Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) is a widespread behavior in zooplankton. Although considered to be a predator avoidance behavior in most cases, DVM is also influenced by the distribution of food, competitive interactions and UV (Ultraviolet) radiation. In this paper we report the day and nighttime vertical distribution of the common zooplankton species in nine high altitude tropical Andean lakes to obtain an idea of the range in vertical distribution patterns in Andean lakes. The lakes are situated between 4000 and 4545 m a.s.l. The maximum depth of the lakes varied from 5 to 24 m, and the area varied between 0.6 and 20.75 ha. Daphnia pulex (Leydig 1860) showed tendencies for a normal vertical migration behavior in all lakes sampled irrespective of whether the lakes contained fish. The population resided deeper in the water column during the daytime than during the night, although migration amplitude differed strongly among lakes. In many lakes, there was an important daytime “deficit” in the number of individuals caught, suggesting that the animals stay close to the bottom of the lake during the day. It suggests that UV radiation is the more likely factor influencing the DVM of Daphnia. Copepods and rotifers showed reverse DVM in some lakes. Our data suggest that the DVM behavior of copepods and rotifers in the studied lakes may in part be determined by the avoidance of competition from Daphnia pulex.
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