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Recently the increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases, including neoplasm, has resulted in the necessity of characterising not only the tumours, but also healthy mucosa. Research into the morphological changes of healthy mucosa under different experimental conditions, including drugs, special diets and the use of probiotic bacteria, is greatly facilitated by the availability of animal models. In spite of the widespread use of mice in gastrointestinal research, there is a lack of information on the qualitative and quantitative histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa of the mouse. The aim of this study was to assess the morphological characteristics and the postnatal development of the small intestine of wild type mice — C57BL/6J. The mice were aged either 5 weeks or 12 weeks. The 12-week-old mice had been weaned at the age of 5 weeks. After dissection the small intestine was divided into 5 equal portions and randomly chosen microscopical sections from each were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The parameters describing the morphology of the small intestine (villus height, depth of the crypt, villus width near the crypt, width of the villus connective tissue near the crypt, thickness of the muscular layer and the height of the enterocytes and their nuclei) were evaluated under a light microscope. In both age groups the height and width of the villi decreased, while the thickness of the muscular layer increased in the distal direction. The height of the enterocytes decreased and the height of the enterocyte nucleus increased towards the colon in both age groups. The depth of the crypts was greater in the younger animals than in the older ones. Our data provides the baseline morphological description of the small intestinal mucosa in wild type mice, strain C57BL/6J, which can be used as a reference for testing the influence of drugs, toxins, nutrients and inborn mutations on the mouse intestine.
The characteristic features of the common shrew amygdala (CA), as shown by volumetric comparisons of the individual nuclei, are the poor development of the lateral (LA) and basomedial (BM) nuclei as well as the particularly strong formation of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) nuclei. The central (CE), cortical (CO) and medial (ME) nuclei are also well organised in this species. All these features are even more distinctly visible when the total number of neurons in the nuclei referred to are compared. A comparison of the densities of neurons in the individual nuclei with the mean numerical density of cells in the CA indicates that there are the 3 different regions within the common shrew’s CA. The densities of neurons in the LA, BL, and BM are significantly lower than the mean density of cells in the CA (p < 0.05). In the CE this value does not differ from the mean (p > 0.05). In the CO, ME and NLOT the density values are significantly higher than the mean (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a similar division of the shrew’s CA can, to some extent, be performed using the size parameters of the amygdaloid neurons as a marker. Interestingly, the large neurons populate less densely organised CA areas like the LA, BL and BM, whereas the small cells populate the ME and NLOT, where the neurons are densely arranged. The CE and CO occupy intermediate positions, with the neurons similar in size to the mean for the shrew’s CA.
The aim of this study was to elaborate criteria defining the morphotype and to perform a morphological and morphometric analysis of the squamous part of the occipital bone and of the foramen magnum in the European cat. The study material comprised 50 corpses of European cats of both sexes and of bodyweight from 1.35 to 7.7 kg, aged from 1 year to 17 years. The study material underwent detailed preparation and morphometries of the skull, squamous part of the occipital bone and the foramen magnum were performed. The skull index (IC) data obtained indicate that the European cat represents a mesaticephalic morphotype. In the morphometrical analysis of the foramen magnum the following were included: the foramen magnum index (IFM), the occipital index (IOF), and the index of the squamous part of the occipital bone (ISO). In the morphology of the squamous part of the occipital bone two categories were distinguished: the first was characterized by a form close to an isosceles triangle with its base directed to the bottom. In none of the specimens studied was a dorsal notch in the form of a "keyhole" observed, nor was there any other deformation in the foramen magnum, which takes the form of a slightly crosswise elongated regular oval. The results of this study indicate that in the European cat the foramen magnum is free from any pathology and its shape, in the individual development, is conservative.
Sub-basins prioritization is one of the most important resolutions of development sustainability and natural resources comprehended management. In this study, 11 sub-basins of Lohender in east Golstan province about 272/63cm Prioritized using computation and morphometric analysis and using GIS and RS techniques. Erosion mode in each sub-basin specified through Sediment Yield Index approximation. In morphometric analysis, parameters like canal length, bifurcation ratio, discharge density, sub-basins shape coefficient, round coefficient, stretch coefficient and compressive coefficients were computed thus these parameters divided to two classifications: linear coefficients and figurative coefficient. In order to study annual sediment index, from fields applied maps, land coverage, slope, soil type and topographic map scale 1:50000 were used. Finally, each sub-basin Priority determined due to Sediment Yield Index (SYI) and total average of morphometric parameters. According to morphometric parameters, the BS sub-basin and according to SYI parameter, A5 sub-basin showed more critical mode and combination of both showed that B2 sub-basin showed the worst situation.
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl is a species native in the north-western Balkans, where it has a divided range. Most of its range is located in flood-prone riparian sites in the Pannonian plain but the species is also found on humid sites along some rivers in the Submediterranean region. We analysed morphologic variation within and between five populations (14 trees/population) located in the Subpannonian and Submediterranean region of Slovenia. Thirty two characters were assessed on ca. 80 leaves from each tree which were divided depending on exposure to sunlight (sun and shade leaves), and 8 traits on each fruit (ca. 50 fruits/tree). A hierarchically designed experiment using analysis of variance confirmed the significant contribution of all the analysed hierarchical levels of variation to the total variation. The results show that the differences between the trees in a single population are the greatest factor of variability of leaves, followed by differences between populations and differences which are the result of variation in exposure to sunlight. Leaves in shade positions are typically larger than those in sunny positions, and they have broader and shorter-pointed leaflets; in this feature they are very similar to the leaves of F. excelsior. Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the traits which refer to the leaflet number and length are the best differentiating traits between individual populations. The Submediterranean population Dragonja stands out with the smallest leaves and the population Lijak from the same region is the most similar to Dragonja for most morphological traits. In general, phenotypic differences between the Subpannonian and the Submediterranean populations of F. angustifolia are minor and indistinct. Based on the differences ascertained by the study, we can only confirm the presence of F. angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa (Bieb. ex Willd.) Franco et Rocha Alfonso in this part of its natural range.
Background: Oesophagus is a muscular tube that transports food and liquids by coordinated contraction of its muscular lining led by stimuli from the nerve plexus. Its muscularis proper layer consists of muscle cells, connective tissue and myenteric plexus. The aim of our histomorphometric study was to reveal detailed characteristics of this layer, cell number, volume, orientation, properties of myenteric plexus as well as changes related to aging. Materials and methods: Oesophagus tissue samples from 17 male cadavers were taken from the cranial and thoracic parts. Samples were divided in 2 groups: younger (ages 21–45) and older (ages 66–78). The tissue was routinely processed, embedded and serially sectioned. Sections were stained with Masson-Goldner and Cresyl-violet dyes. Digital images were analysed with the image analysis software. Statistics were performed with SPSS software. Results: The average thickness of the cranial part of the oesophageal wall and muscularis proper was 2590 µm and 1197 µm, respectively in the younger and 2453 µm and 1144 µm in the older group. Overall volume of the muscle tissue was slightly larger in the thoracic part, and in the younger group compared to the cranial part and the older group. The average number of the striated muscle cells per 100 µm in the cranial part was 771.5 and 749.7 in the younger and the older group, respectively. Striated cells were significantly less present only in the lower thoracic part of the oesophagus. In the older group, smaller striated muscle cells dominated over the larger ones. In the younger group, majority of the striated muscle cells were mid-sized. The thickness of the circular layer of muscularis proper was more affected by aging than the longitudinal one. Ganglion cells number was lower in the older group, but plexus area was unchanged. Conclusions: Aging affects muscularis proper and myenteric plexus of the oesophagus. Major differences can be observed in the striated muscle cells size, volume of the circular layer and number of the ganglionic cells in the myenteric plexus. (Folia Morphol 2013; 72, 3: 223–229)
Przeprowadzono morfometryczną analizę struktury 8 podłoży ogrodniczych wykorzystywanych do uprawy roślin w pojemnikach. Oznaczono podstawowe parametry stosowane w komputerowej analizie obrazu: makroporowatość (powierzchnię względną przekrojów porów o wymiarach powyżej 43 μm), liczebność przekrojów porów, średnią powierzchnię przekrojów porów, długość linii granicznej między przekrojami porów i elementów fazy stałej oraz średni rozmiar przekrojów porów. Wartość makroporowatości pozwala na ocenę zdolności podłoża do retencji wody najłatwiej dostępnej dla roślin.
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