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The main aim of the research is to evaluate the applicability of craniometric methods to living animals as well as to define the range of values derived from measuring the heads of brachycephalic types of dogs and their calculated indices. Investigations were conducted on 78 dogs, both male and female, of different age, that belonged to six different breeds: Pekingese, Small Brabant, Griffon Bruxellois, French Bulldog, Pug and English Bulldog (tab.1). A zoometric divider was used to carry out the measurements. On the basis of methods used in craniometry proper, points were established on the heads of the living dogs. Among the craniometric measures were: skull length (AP); cranial length (NA); viscerocranial length (NP) and maximum zygomatic width (ZyZy). The following indices: skull index, length-length index-2, facial index and length-width index-2 were calculated on the basis of the obtained data. The skull index was treated as a basis for evaluating the morphotype while the other indices served as additional tools. The results confirm that the measurements carried out on living animals are adequate to their equivalents in craniometry. The skull index for brachycephalic dogs was calculated and was found to be between 80-100.
The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the Transverse atlantal ligament in dogs with a focus on the features that have not been described yet. The research examined cadavers of 20 adult male and female dogs of different breeds, three morphotypes, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. The Transverse atlantal ligament was shown by removing the Dorsal arch of the Atlas. The length (DWP), width (SWP) and thickness (GWP) of the ligament were measured. The linear correlation function with the body mass (mc) and the cranial index and the coefficient of determination R² were determined. Histological specimens from 10 Transverse atlantal ligaments were marked. The results of the research indicated that the length, width and thickness of the described ligament is positively correlated with the body mass in a dog. The histologic studies showed that the Transverse atlantal ligament is fibrocartilagenous on the whole. This fact should be taken into consideration in all affections connected with the cartilage destruction. The role of the fibrocartilage and their types in the ligament have also been discussed.
The aim of the study was to describe the morphology of the foramen magnum and the first cervical vertebra in Yorkshire terrier dogs, in which a keyhole-shaped foramen magnum had been recognized. Its aim was also to determine parameters for anatomical structures of the craniocervical junction which have an effect on occipital dysplasia. The study examined cadavers of three adult (female) Yorkshire terrier dogs, fixed in 10% formaldehyde. All dogs had been euthanized at the request their owners: nr 1 because of neurologic symptoms; nr 2 and 3 were neurologically asymptomatic dogs. The degree of skull index (IC), occipital index (IPF), dysplasia (ISD), notch index (IWD), foramen magnum index (IOW) and new biometric criterions introduced by the authors of the study i.e. atlas index (IC₁) and dens of axis index (IZC₂) were determined. The study showed that the foramen magnum index provides direct numerical information about the size and shape of the foramen. The foramen magnum index discriminates neurologically symptomatic dogs from asymptomatic dogs. Nonetheless, all four indices used in craniometry should be calculated. The results of the research indicated that occipital dysplasia has an effect on the stability of the craniocervical junction, and, therefore, atlas index IC₁ and dens of axis index IZC₂ should be determined.
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