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The present studies were conducted in 1999-2001 in three apple orchards differing from each other by the system of cultivation, the type of agricultural treatments and chemical control of pests. Their purpose was to monitor codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in different types of apple orchards using pheromone traps, finding out the relation between the occurrence of moths and the sum of effective temperatures as well as determining the number of wintering caterpillars of this species with the use of bands of corrugated paper. The analysis of male flight of codling moth on the basis of pheromone traps makes it possible to state the occurrence of two generations in each studied year. The maximum population of the first generation was observed in the second or third ten days of June, while that of the second generation in the first ten days of August. The moths flight began when the sum of effective temperatures was 109.2-145.2°C, and the mean diurnal temperature was 12.3-17.2°C.
In 1997-1998, annual variations in the concentration of pollen in the atmosphere of Lublin, Poland, were analysed by the volumetric and gravimetric methods. To determine the concentration of pollen, a volumetric VST-trap was used, whereas for pollen fall - a gravimetric Durham trap. The following taxa were chosen for pollen analysis: Alnus, Corylus, Populus, Betula, Poaceae, Rumex, Plantago, Urtica, Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia. It was found that the length of pollen season, as well as pollen count increase and decrease tendencies determined by the two methods, were similar. Maximum concentrations of pollen grains occurred on the same dates for arboreous plants, Artemisia and Poaceae in 1997. In the case of other herbal plants, the maximum dates might be different, yet abundant occurrence of pollen grains was registered at the same time.
The effect of sowing dates on the abundance of Opomyza florum, and the effect of sowing dates on the degree of larvae damage on winter wheat during the 2003-2008 time period was evaluated. The population density of O. florum adults and the damage larvae caused, were higher in the wheat fields sown in the last decade of September and the first half of October. Fields sown during the first decade of November were not infested by O. florum. A significant correlation between the mean temperature during the flight period and the maximum density of O. florum flies within each sowing (r = 0.94; p = 0.016) was established. The percentage of damaged shoots strongly corresponded to the maximum abundance of flies (r = 0.96; p = 0.01). The corresponding figures can be used for prognostic purposes. An adult observation accuracy below 25% was achieved by the sweep net method using 10 samples of 30 sweeps in the beginning of migration and 10 samples of 20 sweeps during the period of the O. florum mass flight. No marginal effect of adults was observed.
W pracy przedstawiono metodykę stosowaną w monitoringu zanieczyszczeń powietrza w Puszczy Białowieskiej, gdzie zlokalizowana jest sieć 7 punktów pomiarowych, w których mierzone jest stężenie w powietrzu zanieczyszczeń gazowych (depozycja sucha) i skład chemiczny opadów atmosferycznych (depozycja mokra). Pomiary wykonywane są według jednolitej metodyki stosowanej w europejskim i krajowym monitoringu lasu. Opisano metodę pasywną pomiaru zanieczyszczeń gazowych oraz metody badań opadów atmosferycznych, w tym metodę chromatografii jonowej (IC) oraz optycznej spektrometrii emisyjnej z plazmą wzbudzoną indukcyjnie (ICP-OES). Przedstawiono ocenę poziomu i trendów zmian oraz rozkładu przestrzennego depozycji całkowitej siarki i azotu na obszarze Puszczy Białowieskiej w latach 2002-2010.
Anemophilous trees of Betula and Alnus genera produce very high amount of easily spreading pollen. Carpinus and Fagus discharge lower amount of pollen to the atmosphere. Trees belonging to the mentioned genera occur in vegetation cover of Lublin and the Roztocze region where the comparative studies were carried out in the years 1998-2004. The objective of these studies was to determine pollen concentration of four tree taxa in these study areas located 120 km apart. Annual pollen sums, obtained by means of three methods, were compared in order to find similarity of alternating high and low pollen production by trees in particular years. In the Roztocze region the studies were continued during the mentioned seven years as a part of Pollen Monitoring Programme, which provides multi-annual data for the palaeoecological reconstructions of Quaternary and the interpretations of phenologic-climatic nature. Standard Tauber traps were used in the Roztocze area. In Lublin the gravimetric method was used in the years 1999-2000, and the volumetric method — in the years 2001- 2004. Similar trends were found in Lublin and in the Roztocze region as to the concentrations in the air of pollen of the mentioned four taxa in particular years of the research period. Betula and Alnus discharged the greatest amount of pollen. In 1999 the great similarity of annual pollen sums of three taxa was recorded by means of the gravimetric method in all measurement points. Fagus was an exception, as its pollen concentration was much higher in the Roztocze region than in Lublin. In the case of Carpinus the enhanced pollen concentration was recorded in both study areas in 2002, and the highest concentration of Fagus occurred in 2003. During several years of studies we recorded great similarity of the obtained results in two study areas far apart.
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