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The aim of the work was to determine monensin, narasin hepatotoxicity and the nature of cell death. Rat hepatocyte model cell line (FAO) was used to investigate two ionophore antibiotic cytotoxic effects estimated by MTT, NRU and KB tests approved by INVITTOX. Additionally, the apoptotic/necrotic nature of cell death was determined by propiodine iodide and HO 342 staining of the cultured hapatocytes. IC₅₀ indices for monensin and narasine estimated by using the MTT test during a 24 hour incubation period were at a level of 0,027 ± 0,001 µM and 0,037 ± 0,001 µM, respectively. However, an incubation period of 48 hrs yielded an equal value - 0,02 µM - for both ionophores. Contrary to the MTT test, NRU and KB estimations demonstrated lower IC₅₀ values for narasine than for monensin. These results correlated to in-vivo acute toxicity and LD₅₀ indices in rats (data from references). The apoptotic nature of hepatocyte death dominated in the cultures. The article also discussed the mechanisms of ionophore induced cytotoxicity.
Four groups of male golden hamsters (12 animals per one group) were given orally for 5 consecutive days the following drugs: group I = 0 (control), group II = monensin at the rate of 2 mg per 1 kg, group III = tiamulin at the rate of 45 mg per 1 kg, group IV = monensin simultaneously with tiamulin at the rate of 0.5 mg and 10 mg per 1 kg respectively. Four animals of each group were sacrificed at 1, 4 and 10 weeks after the treatment. There were evaluated: the weight of testes, epididymides, accessory sex glands, the number of spermatozoons and the percentage of spermatozoons with morphological defects. The results were analysed statistically with Bartlett’s test and two-way ANOVA. Neither monensin nor tiamulin induced any adverse effects on the male reproductive system of hamsters.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreaks are common in heifer herds. Monenzin, a feed additive, is often used in order to improve rumen digestion. The impact of this antibiotic on neutrophil phagocytes and the secretion of its granules contents have been reported in several species, although not in cattle. The presented study focused on the secretor and viability traits of neutrophils from healthy heifer blood (n=4) and BRD heifers (n=6). Isolated cells were subjected to monenzin (150 mM) within a 24 hr incubation period. Elastase, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphates activities as well as ROS, NO and cell viability assessment were carried out using MTT tests in incubation media. Neutrophils of BRD heifers displayed a significantly higher granular enzyme release and lowered vitality than in the healthy animals. Increased concentrations of monenzin inhibited secretions of NO both in healthy and BRD heifers, yet did not influence O-. 2 levels. Monenzin at 1 mM stimulated ALP activity, but higher concentrations of the substance suppressed their release. Elastase output grew in relation to increasing amounts of the antibiotic. Cell viability was significantly affected by higher concentrations of monenzin. The obtained in-vivo results suggest that heifers fed with monenzin- -containing diets may have neutrophil-augmented reactions, and, as a result, the course of BRD may become more severe.
In three experiments, executed on calfs it was examined the influence of increasing participation of bruised rye grain (from 0 to 30%), antibiotics (zincbacitracine, saltmycine, monesine and avoparcine) and different levels of soya been and rape bruised grain in substantial mixtures on productive and physiological coefficients. Together with increasing level of rye (0, 10, 20, 30%) in the mixture, it decreased the quantity of received fodder about 3.8, 6.8 and 10.9% in comparison to checking group. The best increments of live-stock obtained with monesine addition, whereas the maximum consumption of feeding stuff noted down in saltmycine application. It noticed the substantial influence of antibiotic serving on seeming digestibility and adoption of Ca, P and Mg. The saltmycine and avoparcine accompaniment reduced the level of Ca assimilation, but raised the P. Monesine and avoparcine reduced the seeming digestibility of Mg.
The severe toxicity due to incompatibility of ionophore antibiotics with the semi-synthetic antibiotic tiamulin is still unclear. It seems to be of interest to find whether this phenomenon could effect a prenatal development of offsprings. In the present investigation monensin and tiamulin were given orally, separately or simultaneously, on gestation days 6—11 to hamsters, and on days 6—15 to rats. Hamsters were sacrificed on day 15, whereas rats on 21 day of pregnancy. All fetuses were examined for external, internal and skeletal malformations and variations. There was no evidence of teratogenic action of both used drugs in hamsters and rats. However, in hamsters tiamulin in the dose of 45 mg/kg was found to be embryotoxic (increased frequency of resorptions) and fetotoxic (lower mean fetal weight and fetal crown-rump length), but not in rats. In both species of animals, which were given monensin or monensin and tiamulin some stimulating effects on fetal growth was recorded in comparison with the control fetuses.
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