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Direct access to intermediate and final hosts is critical for successful trematode life cycle completion. The harsh environmental conditions of the wave-exposed rocky shores of the Swedish west coast seriously hamper trematode transmission. Limited numbers of potential host species are another obstacle for survival. In this case, paraxenia, or the ability of parasites to simultaneously use multiple host species, is of utmost importance in promoting distribution in a wide range of microhabitats. Our purpose was to examine trematode spatial distribution and life cycle strategies under these severe conditions in order to assess specific life history patterns linked to their transmission. Estimation of overall parasitological load was carried out by extensive sampling of all available potential hosts in a wide range of microhabitats (rock pools, rock surfaces, cracks and crevices) from lower to upper littoral levels on the rocky shores of two islands in the Skagerrak Strait, Saltö and Ursholmen. Log-linear analysis was performed separately for sporocysts and metacercariae to evaluate parasite prevalence and intensity values for the second intermediate snail host Littorina saxatilis. A detailed study of the spread of Renicola spp. metacercariae using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique revealed two additional previously unreported second intermediate hosts (L. littorea and L. saxatilis) for R. thaidus. Several interesting combinations of transmission patterns were noted demonstrating species plasticity in terms of host use.
The work aimed at the analysis of the structure and abundance of mollusc communities and their connection with environmental factors, especially the influence of Dreissena polymorpha. Molluscs were collected at 21 sampling stations within the Sulejów Reservoir in July 1999 and 2000 using Ekman-Birge's grab and bottom dredge. Generally fauna of molluscs was dominated by D. polymorpha, however in the upper part of the reservoir relative abundance of this species was low. The effect of zebra mussel on malacocenoses resulted in significant differences in species richness and densities between the habitats where this mollusc occurred in lower and higher abundance.
The aim of the present study was to describe the diversity and abundance of the mollusc communities in long and diverse series of riparian water bodies (59 in total) and to compare them with previous (two years before) studies based on much shorter series of sites (21 in total). An attempt was made to check whether the previous analysis of mollusc groupings is suitable to the classification of the riparian sites of a large area. The studies were carried out in the years 2004–2006 in left-bank part of the valley between 53 and 152 km of the course of the lowland medium sized natural river (Bug River, Eastern Poland) in 59 water bodies differing as regards size (from about 0.01 to a few ha), location in the valley, hydrological regime and successional stage. The samples were collected from the bottom (with dredge) and from macrophytes. The high species richness and diversity were found within the study area despite that the natural floodplain fragments were quite small (about 10% of the whole investigated fragment of the river valley). 52 mollusc species were noted: 36 snails and 16 bivalves (over 50% more than in the preliminary series). Relatively rich malacofauna existed in larger and younger water bodies, as well as in some temporary ones, but located in the active floodplain. Species diversity of individual habitats was comparable to that reported from the earlier study (Jurkiewicz-Karnkowska 2006), i.e. H’ values amounted to 2–3 in most cases. However, there were more cases where H’ values exceeded 3, as well as H’ values were higher at larger scale, i.e. site groups and the total study area (3.5–4.5). The most common species (F≥ 50%) within the investigated area were Lymnaea stagnalis, Bithynia tentaculata, Planorbarius corneus, Anisus vortex, Radix balthica and Viviparus contectus. The most frequent species usually constituted significant components of mollusc communities of individual water bodies. The only species with percentages exceeding 10% of total mollusc abundance at the scale of the study area were P. corneus and L. stagnalis. The abundance of molluscs was of the order of several to a few hundred individuals per sample (0.5–1 m2 of bottom). Basing on the occurrence of molluscs in the investigated habitats I–V groups of water bodies were distinguished applying multivariate analysis. They differed in abundance, dominance pattern and diversity of malacocoenoses, as well as frequencies of individual species. Especially high distinctness of malacocoenoses of small temporary water bodies was found.
In stream corridors, driftwood represents mainly a dead vegetation biomass and diverse artificial material relocated along a stream by flooding. Most driftwood can contain empty molluscan shells or a minor proportion of live individuals (i.e. molluscan allocoenoses). Drifted material is important for spreading of fauna and flora. Molluscan allocoenoses can provide valuable information on molluscan fauna of the upstream area. The main objective of the study was to describe changes of the species composition, diversity and similarity in molluscan allocoenoses along the model river ecosystem in relation to land use of partial watersheds. In the years 2010–2011, 23 samples of driftwood were taken at 23 sites along the Hron River (Central Slovakia) from the spring to the mouth. Molluscan allocoenoses were composed of 135 species (95 terrestrial and 40 aquatic). The number of species found at particular sites ranged from 29 to 72 with a mean of 48. We confirmed our hypotheses that similarity in molluscan species composition of driftwood from different sampling sites is related to distance between them, the proportion of woodland species is highest in the upper course of the river with highest forest coverage and, finally, the highest total number of species (gamma diversity) in driftwood is in the most heterogeneous (in terms of land use) middle river section. Whereas alpha and gamma diversity were highest in the middle section, beta diversity was lowest. The molluscan assemblages were most variable within the lower section (the highest beta diversity). The studied river with a length of nearly 280 km appeared to be suitable to allow the changes associated with different land use to be reflected in species composition of molluscs. Changes in molluscan community structure documented by repeated driftwood sampling can reveal the changes in land use within the river watershed. Thus, sampling of driftwood can also be used in landscape ecology research.
Considering high nutritive value and sensory qualities, the products manufactured of marine invertebrates are a desirable component of human diet. These products enjoy an increasing demand in Poland. However, considerable accumulation of chlorine- organic pollutants in the tissues of marine animals may pose a threat for consumers. The study included determination of the content of PCB congeners (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180 according to IUPAC) in tinned and pickled seafood products purchased in Szczecin’s fishshops. In all examined products the analysed congeners were found, only in “Octopus in vegetable oil” PCB 138 was not detected. The highest content, 13.8 μg-kg_l m.m. (99.237 μg-kg’1 lipids), was recorded for PCB congener 153 in “Squid in American sauce”. The lowest residue levels were found for PCB 101 (0.002 to 0.07 μg-kg'1 m.m.). The highest percentage (from among analysed congeners) in majority of examined products was found for PCB 153 (to 95% in “Octopus in vegetable oil”) and PCB 180 (to 58% in “Pickled mussels”). The lowest percentage was stated for PCB congeners 101 (to 2.2% in “Shrimps natural”) and 52 (to 9.9% in “Greenland shrimps in brine”).
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