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Our work studied the effect of selected organometallic chloride compounds on electrical properties of membrane, in the form of hydrophilic filters impregnated with lauric acid. The presence of the compounds in the membrane surroundings induced a quick increase of the membrane voltage that decreased more slowly after reaching the maximum value, and stabilized after a lapse of a specified period of time. In the case of triphenyltin, the voltage changed direction during measurement and stabilized in negative values. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the effectiveness of the interaction of the compounds studied with the membrane is highest in the case of triphenyltin chloride. The change of voltage polarization in the case of triphenyltin may denote that chlorine ions released in the dissociation process penetrated the other side the membrane.
A series of N-alkoxymethyl-N, -N, N-dimethyl-N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butyl)-benzylammonium chlorides was synthesized as a new group of surfactants with an antioxidant function incorporated into the molecule. The interaction of these compounds with liposomes, planar membranes (BLM) and red blood cells was studied. It was found that the interaction of the compounds studied with model membranes is alkyl-chain-length dependent. A comparison of substituted-in-the-ring with unsubstituted benzylammonium salts indicated a weaker modification of the membranes by substituted salts. Possible practical applications are discussed.
 Model systems such as black lipid membranes or conventional uni- or multilamellar liposomes are commonly used to study membrane properties and structure. However, the construction and dimensions of these models excluded their direct optical microscopic observation. Since the introduction of the simple method of liposome electroformation in alternating electric field giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) have become an important model imitating biological membranes. Due to the average diameter of GUVs reaching up to 100 µm, they can be easily observed under a fluorescent or confocal microscope provided that the appropriate fluorescent probe was incorporated into the lipid phase during vesicle formation. GUVs can be formed from different lipid mixtures and they are stable in a wide range of physical conditions such as pH, pressure or temperature. This mini-review presents information about the methods of GUV production and their usage. Particularly, the use of GUVs in studying lipid phase separation and the appearance and behavior of lipid domains (rafts) in membranes is discussed but also other examples of GUVs use in membrane research are given. The experience of the authors in setting up the GUV-forming equipment and production of GUVs is also presented.
The interaction of benzyltrimethyl- and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromides and chlorides with red blood cells and planar lipid membranes was studied. The aim of the work was to find whether the type of a counterion influence that interaction. The model membranes were pig erythrocytes and planar lipid membranes (BLM). A change of mechanical properties of these membranes was observed in the presence of the compounds studied. The measured parameters were a degree of hemolysis of erythrocytes and stability of BLM`s. The critical concentration of a compound was the measure of BLM stability.The lifetime of BLMs under such concentration of a compound did not exceed 3 min. It was found in each case that bromides influenced model membranes slightly stronger than the corresponding chlorides. A possible explanation of the results obtained is presented. Namely, it seems that the greater efficiency of bromides to destabilize model membranes in comparison with chlorides can be attributed to greater mobility and smaller radius of the hydrated bromide ion. This can be the reason why bromide anions modify surface potential of model membranes more efficiently, which in turn leads to more intensive interaction of bromides with such modified bilayer in comparison with their analog chlorides.
The change of biological activity of amphiphilic biocides following the change of their hydrophobic parts (the cut-off effect) is discussed. The mechanism of the interaction (between such amphiphiles and model and biological membranes is proposed that explains the cut-off phenomenon. It is proposed, on the basis of experimental studies and theoretical calculations, that the diminished biological activity of amphiphilic compounds upon elongation of thier hydrophobic part can be the result of the appearance of interdigitated structures in the lipid bilayers. On the other hand, weak hydrophobic interactions between amphiphilic compounds of short hydrophobic chins and lipid molecules of model membranes are responsible for the poor biological activity of these compounds.
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