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The rising prevalence of allergic or intolerance responses for food containing specific cereals or their derivatives such as wheat, barley or rye has resulted in intense scientific research focused on providing gluten-free raw materials and products. As beer is mainly made from barley or wheat malt, this problem also appears in the brewing industry. The removal of harmful protein and the usage of gluten-free raw material are the two most typical routes to avoid gluten presence in beer. A raw material with great potential in brewing is buckwheat, which as a pseudocereal does not contain any gluten allergenic proteins. Although the scientific work has not so far led to brewing beer from 100% buckwheat malt without enzyme addition support – this raw material is still undergoing extensive investigation. However commercial buckwheat malts have appeared on the market, which the producers declare suitable for brewing. In this study Château Buckwheat (Castle Malting) commercial buckwheat malt was evaluated for its suitability for brewing. Malt grain analysis and the influence of buckwheat malt contribution in malt mixture on extract yield, viscosity and colour of congress worts were evaluated using RSM.
This paper studies the influence of equimolar mixtures of biologically-active cationic and anionic amphiphiles (dodecyl-oxymethylene-methyl-morpholinium chloride (DOMM) and one of the series of sodium alkylsulphonates (ASJ with n = 1,2,4,6,8,10,12 and 14 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain) on calcium ion desorption from lecithin liposome membranes. It was shown that by choosing the hydrophobic part of the amphiphilic anion in the mixture one can regulate the efficiency of the amphiphilic cation towards the desorption process. The rate constant of that process strongly depends on the surfactant concentration. The differences in the effectiveness of the different compounds are most distinct at lower concentrations and vanish when the concentration increases. The results are discussed in response to the amphiphilic ion-pair hydrophobicity and their electrical properties. The role of the hypothetical, temporal complexes consisting of the alkylsulphonate anion(s) and calcium cation (ASn-Ca)+ in the calcium ion exchange is discussed. The mechanism of Ca2+ desorption from the surface of the phospholipid bilayer under the simultaneous action of the cationic and anionic detergents is proposed. According to our proposal calcium ion release occurs due to the joint action of the monovalent cationic and anionic detergents in coincidence with a divalent calcium ion. To authenticate the proposed mechanisms of calcium ion release, the shapes of the experimental curves were compared with the theoretical ones obtained by computer simulation using the cellular automata method.
Spring triticale ‘Migo’, and spring barley ‘Maresi’ grown in pure stand and in their mixtures were used in field experiment. Disease occurrence, number of culms and heads as well as yield were assessed. Powdery mildew and scald of barley and Septoria leaf blotch of triticale occurred in lower degree in mixtures than in pure stands, but only in the years with weather conditions favourable for the diseases development. Fusarium stem rot and eyespot of both plant species as well as net blotch of barley occurred in similar degree in all treatments or even in some mixtures in higher degree than in pure stands.
The research aimed at defining the variability in the yielding of yellow lupin cultivated in pure stand and in mixtures with spring triticale in a field experiment at a varied April-July rainfall as well as a varied sowing density of both components. The experiments were carried out over 1990-1993 at the Mochełek Experiment Station of the Bydgoszcz University of Technology and Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture. The experiments were conducted on light soil of a good rye soil suitability complex, IVa soil quality classification. The value of the rainfall variability coefficient over April-July amounted to 37.1%. The driest period rainfall amounted to 106 mm, while the most moisten period rainfall - 260 mm. It was observed that the yellow lupin yielding variability in pure stand was considerably lower than in the mixtures with spring triticale. An increasing lupin sowing density from 25 to 50-100 seeds per 1 m2, both in pure stand and in mixtures, showed a stabilising effect on the seed yield and pl.
Background. Metabolic processes of food additives which are “exogenous xenobiotics” are catalysed, primarily, by enzymes located in microsomes of hepatocytes affiliated to P-450 cytochrome superfamily, containing iron. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of diet composition and selected food additives on the erythrocyte system and iron metabolism in peripheral blood of male rats. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 30 male rats sorted into three equinumerous groups. For drinking animals received pure, settled tap water, animals from group III were receiving additionally an aqueous solution of sodium (nitrate), potassium nitrite, benzoic acid, sorbic acid and monosodium glutamate. Results. Ascertained a significant effect of changes in diet composition on the increase in hematocrit marker value and the count of red blood cells in blood of animals examined. Used food additives diminished hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value and red blood cell count, diminishing also iron concentration in serum, the total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation with iron. Conclusions. Analysis of the results allowed ascertain adverse changes in values of the erythrocytic system markers, occurring under the influence of the applied mixture of food additives. Used food additives change the iron metabolism, most likely from the necessity of applied xenobiotics biotransformation by heme-containing monoxygenases of P-450 cytochrome.
W 3-letnim doświadczeniu polowym badano wpływ regulatorów wzrostu i ich mieszanek z siarczanem magnezu na plonowanie pszenżyta jarego odmiany Gabo. Regulatory wzrostu: kwas indolilo-3-masłowy (IBA), kwas α-naftylooctowy (NAA), benzyloaminopurynę (BAP), triacontanol (TRIA) oraz kwas giberelinowy (GA3) stosowano dolistnie, samodzielnie lub w mieszance z 5% wodnym roztworem siarczanu magnezu, dwukrotnie w okresie wegetacyjnym pszenżyta – w fazie kłoszenia oraz tuż przed kwitnieniem. W pierwszym roku doświadczenia stwierdzono istotne wydłużenie źdźbła pszenżyta pod wpływem mieszanek regulatorów z siarczanem magnezu. Wykazano również współdziałanie pomiędzy regulatorami wzrostu a siarczanem magnezu (istotny wzrost masy tysiąca ziaren pod wpływem NAA + Mg i istotne zmniejszenie MTZ pszenżyta pod wpływem triacontanolu i benzyloaminopuryny z siarczanem magnezu). W 2. i 3. roku doświadczenia niektóre regulatory (NAA, IBA i GA3) spowodowały istotny przyrost całkowitej masy nadziemnej pszenżyta. Średnie z trzech lat wskazują na statystycznie udowodniony przyrost masy ziarna pod wpływem IBA i GA3, stosowanych w mieszankach z siarczanem magnezu. Większość zastosowanych regulatorów wzrostu, a szczególnie ich mieszanek z siarczanem magnezu zwiększyła udział ziarna w całkowitej masie nadziemnej pszenżyta jarego.
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