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The human induced changes affect the transformation of different plant communities. In some cases this process can contribute to increase in local biodiversity, but it depends on type and manner of human activity involved. The main aim of this study is to answer the question how two anthropogenic factors (former and current) can modify the species composition in forest phytocoenoses. The study area is situated in the southern Poland (Małopolska Upland). The studies were carried out on two former (19th century) mining fields where planting Common Beech Fagus sylvatica (field A) and Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris (field B) have been done since the first half of the 20th century. On gob piles (sites transformed by former iron-ore mining), single-species beech (field A) or pine (field B) tree stands are undergoing secondary succession, and transform into multi-species, fertile deciduous forests. This secondary communities corresponding to the types of new, fertile soils (formed by clayey-loamy material of gob piles), generated as a result of mining activities. Whereas, on non-transformed areas forest communities with floristic structures and composition linked to poor and acidophilous phytocoenoses developed. These communities are also compatible with their respective, primary habitats (acid, poor, and sandy soils). Nonetheless, the secondary succession of forest communities on gob piles can be disturbed. In the herb layer of fertile habitats of post-mining sites where Pinus sylverstis was planted (field B) acidophilous species among mesophilous forest species were noted. This process of acidification of humus layer is induced by the fall of needles of pines and it has not been observed in communities with planted Fagus sylvatica (field A). It was found that previous mining activities now affect the secondary succession in the forest communities of northern part of the Małopolska Upland because they have created new habitats where process of forming mesophilous phytocoenoses was observed. Accordingly, former human activity leads to the increase in local biodiversity. On the other side current forest management can reduce this effect as a result of planting tree species which acidify these fertile habitats and suppressed the occurrence of mesophilous forest species, what, by contrast, decrease the species richness.
Impact of environmental pollution caused by sulphur mining on the chemical composition of wood and bark of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Content of extractives, cellulose, !% NaOH soluble substances and lignin were examined. Samples were gained from cca. 70-year old birch (Betula pendula Roth.) grown in the environment polluted by sulfur mining industry. 200mm height disks were cut in the butt-end, middle and top section of the trunk. Disk from the main branch was also collected. Bark was collected from butt-end section. On the cross-section from butt-end and middle part of the trunk following zones were marked: outer, center and pith adjacent wood. On the cross-section from the top part wood was divided into outer and pith adjacent. Only one zone was marked in branch. Results show that environmental pollution caused by sulfur mining industry influences the content and distribution of extractives on the cross- and longitudinal sections. It also causes the increase of extractives content in bark. Content and distribution of 1% NaOH soluble substances are also changed on both cross-sections. Environmental pollution decreased lignin content in wood and increased this content in bark from butt-end section.
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