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1

Importance of midfield shelterbelts for over-wintering entomofauna [Turew area, West Poland]

100%
Karg J.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
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tom 52
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nr 4
The studies on the role of recently established shelterbelts as refuges available for wintering insects were carried out in the years 1994–2002. Soil and litter samples were taken (the material being sorted manually) from five young (up to 7 years old) and two older midfield shelterbelts, from the ecotone zones and from the adjacent croplands. A high numbers (250–400 ind. m⁻²) of insects, which biomass varied between 950 and 2300 mg dry wt. m⁻², were found to overwinter in young (4–7 years old) shelterbelts. The insects formed communities (dominated by Coleoptera) represented by over 50 families. Effects of the shelterbelt’s age, the presence or absence of litter, specific composition of trees and the location of sampling plots within the shelterbelt on wintering insects are discussed.
2

Thysanoptera community of midfield shelterbelts of different age

100%
Szeflinska D.
Polish Journal of Ecology
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2004
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tom 52
|
nr 4
The density and species composition of Thysanoptera were estimated in three shelterbelts with different age located in arable land (Turew area, West Poland). It was stated, that 100 years old shelterbelts supply favorable habitats for the community of these insects: the occurrence of species connected closely with the shelterbelt and the stable species composition were found there. In the young shelterbelt (two years after planting). Thysanoptera constituted a community dynamically changing. In several (7–8) years old shelterbelt the community of these insects showed the features characteristic for community noted in 100 years old shelterbelt.
3

Small mammals in two midfield shelterbelts of different age

100%
Lecki R.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
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tom 52
|
nr 4
Small mammals were studied in two midfield shelterbelts (6–7 and 170 years old) in Turew area (west Poland). Eight species: Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. agrarius, Mus musculus, Micromys minutus, Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus were found. Species structure was significantly different between studied shelterbelts. In the old shelterbelt species characteristic for forest environments dominated. Species structure in the old shelterbelts was more stable than in the young one.
4

Secondary succession of the vegetation in the young shelterbelt [Turew area, Western Poland]

80%
Bernacki Z.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 4
Plant succession (herb and tree species) in newly planted midfield shelterbelt (0.63 ha of area) was investigated during eight years. Changes of vegetation were found to be similar to the succession on abandoned fields. During first years simple plant communities, consisted by common and very common species, dominated by one species, like: Arthemisia absyntium and Chenopodium album, Conyza canadiensis or Apera spica-venti, substituted year by year. The number of species reached maximal value (48) three years after shelterbelt planting. Among all trees forming the shelterbelt the fastest growing were the species of early succession stages (having light seeds) like: poplar, birch, larch and pine. Those trees form the canopy layer already after four years of succession. That process increased the rate of succession to forest community. Maximum biomass of herb plants (347.84 g dry wt. m⁻²) was noted in fifth year of succession. Litter biomass increased during all study period. Corridor effect of shelterbelt for plants wasn’t evidenced. Introduction of the forest and clear-cutting species is relatively slow and proceeds from the forest adjacent to the shelterbelt.
5

Enchytraeids [Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta] in midfield shelterbelts of different age and in adjoining croplands

80%
Nowak E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2007
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tom 55
|
nr 4
The objective of this paper was to recognize the influence of forest strips planted (as the shelterbelts) in agricultural area, on adjoining cereal fields basing on the distribution and composition of enchytraeid community. Species composition, density and individual size of enchytraeids were estimated in October and April 2003–2005 along two transects: 6 and 11 years old shelterbelts > ecotones > fields (at a distance of 15 and 50 m. from the wood strip) and in two reference sites: large (about 100 ha) forest stand and the field (“control” field) located in deforested area. The results have been compared with the published results of the previous studies made in the same area four years before (1999–2000). Samples were collected with soil corer 10 cm2 in area and 15 cm deep. Ten samples in each site were taken twice a year. Sixteen species were found in total. The range of density and biomass of enchytraeids for all study sites accounted for 1.6 to 15.3 ind.m⁻² and 55 to 956 mg f.wt. m⁻² (i.e.15– 308 mg d.w.) respectively. The lowest density was obserwed in the control field located in the deforested area. However, density and biomass of enchytraeids in the fields accounted for 67% and 47% respectively of those in shelterbelts. Species composition of enchytraeids in the young (2–11 yrs old) forest strips and in the adjacent fields was similar, however different from those in the forest stand and in old (150 yrs) shelterbelt. The response of enchytraeids to grass litter introduced on the soil surface was assessed in the experiment performed in a control field and in the transect of wood strip > field. The 7–10 portions of dried grass Dactylis glomerata (L.), (10 g each) were exposed in each plot for 12 and 18 months. More animals was found in the upper soil layer taken below the exposed litter as well as the density of all enchytraeids and percent share of the dominant genus Enchytraeus increased in the soil after 18 months of litter exposure.
6

Soil and litter macrofauna in shelterbelts and in adjacent croplands: changes in community structure after tree planting

80%
Olechowicz E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2007
|
tom 55
|
nr 4
Studies were carried out in the vicinity of Turew near Poznań (Western Poland) in the years 2003 and 2004 in three midfield shelterbelts of different age (150, 11, 6 years old) and along two transects across shelterbelt (6 and 11 years old) >ecotone> field at distances 15 and 50m from the shelterbelt. The field located in deforested area was treated as the control. The studies were aimed at estimating the changes in community structure (composition, density, biomass) of soil and litter macrofauna, (mainly dipteran larvae), related to shelterbelt age both within shelterbelts as in adjoining fields. The results were compared to previous studies carried out in 1999–2000 in the same agricultural landscape. The density and biomass of soil and litter macrofauna were many times higher in shelterbelts (2827–870 ind. m⁻² and 3782–521 mg.d.wt. m⁻²) than in fields (483–53 ind. m⁻² and 101–12 mg.d.wt. m⁻²) and increased with the age of planted trees. The same was true for taxonomic richness. Ecotone zone of both transects was characterised by the greatest density and biomass of animals, mainly those of mobile epigeic animals, particularly the ants. The density and biomass values were declining in the field with the increasing distance from the shelterbelt. Across the transect of an older (10–11 years old) shelterbelt and adjacent field the density and biomass of studied animals were higher in all plots than across the younger (5–6 years old) one. It can be concluded, that the effect of the shelterbelt increases with age of planted trees. The results confirm the previous suggestions of the enhancement of the field macrofauna by forested strips. The highest similarity in taxonomic and dominance structure was found between the shelterbelts and their ecotones and they differed significantly from those in the field.
7

Lumbricidae communities in several years old midfield shelterbelt [Turew Region, Western Poland]

80%
Makulec G.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 2
Species composition, density and biomass of Lumbricidae were studied in soils of a several years old midfield shelterbelt, an adjacent arable field (maize, wheat) and an ecotone situated between both ecosystems in two years (1999, 2000) in spring, summer and autumn. The lowest density and biomass of Lumbricidae was found in the field. The only species present there was Aporrectodea caliginosa: mean density 0.9 ind m⁻² and biomass 0.7 g m⁻². Three species were found in soils of the shelterbelt and the ecotone - A. caliginosa, Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus terrestris. Two species dominated in biomass and density; L. terrestris occurred sporadically and its biomass and density were low. The average density and biomass in soils noted in 1999 were 58 ind m⁻² and 15 g m⁻², respective values for the ecotone were 73 ind m⁻² and 24 g m⁻². In the next year a nearly twofold increase of density (the shelterbelt - 144 ind m⁻², ecotone - 159 ind m⁻² was noted and similar increase of biomass in shelterbelt soils (31 g m⁻²). A. caliginosa, depending on site and time, contributed to 35-76% to the density and in 68-93% to the biomass of the community, D. octaedra - in 22-64% and 7-30%, respectively. Apart from biomass in the first study year, no significant differences between the shelterbelt and the ecotone were found in both density and biomass of the earthworm community.
8

Soil-litter macrofauna in the mixed forest and midfield shelterbelts of different age [Turew area, West Poland]

70%
Olechowicz E.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2004
|
tom 52
|
nr 4
The paper deals with the composition, density and biomass of soil-litter macrofauna in four midfield shelterbelts of different age and, comparatively, in the neighbouring mixed forest. The increase was observed along with the shelterbelt ageing of: 1) numbers of all macrofauna and particularly of some taxa (Symphyla, Chilopoda, coleopteran larvae and imagines and some dipteran larvae), 2) biomass of all macrofauna, of soil fauna (Group I) and of coleopteran larvae, 3) share of zoophages in all macrofauna and in dipteran larvae, 4) share of phytophages in coleopteran larvae communities, 5) average individual biomass, 6) taxonomic richness and the biodiversity (H’), 7) similarity of composition and domination structure of all macrofauna and of dipteran larvae to those in forest communities. The decrease of density of dipteran larvae, particularly of Chironomidae and Sciaridae and the share of saprophages in all macrofauna and in dipteran larvae was also observed. Successional stages of more numerous invertebrate taxa in newly established woodlots are described. Dipteran larvae were the pioneers in colonising newly established shelterbelts, particularly larvae from two families: Chironomidae and Sciaridae. Their combined contribution to the total density of dipteran larvae was 92%.
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