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Anthers of Feria F1 and Narbonne F1 carrot cultivars were cultured in vitro to induce androgenic embryos. To confirm the microspore origin of developed embryos, chromosome counts of root tip meristematic cells were made for each carrot plant obtained in anther culture. Using phase contrast technique and fluorescence microscopy, cytological changes of microspores during culture leading to proembryo formation were documented in the first days after anther placement on the induction medium. More than 90% of the carrot plants obtained in anther cultures had no haploid chromosomes.
Preliminary observations of plants collected at a natural locality in Jany (Zielona Góra district, Poland) suggested that in some plants dyads occurred mixed with more or less regular tetrads, monads, triads and polyads. Similar results were obtained in plants growing on an unpolluted site at an experimental field in Modlnica near Cracow and in a highly polluted area close to a postfloatation reservoir at the Żelazny Most copper mine near Rudna (Silesia). However, in the plants growing in contaminated soil a higher degree of degeneration processes was observed. Either dyads or tetrads prevailed in the capitula in the analyzed plants. In some of their loculi, dyads and tetrads were mixed with monads, dyads, triads and/or polyads. Microcytes and pollen grains of different sizes were common. The sterility of mature pollen grain was slightly higher in a plant from Żelazny Most (80-85%) than in its derivative from Modlnica (65-75%). Degeneration of whole anthers in the plant from the polluted locality was frequent. In some anthers the destruction of meiocytes started early, together with precocious abortion of the anther tapetum.
Anthers of twenty triticale genotypes were cultured on three different media: 1 - PII (Chuang et al. 1978) with increased 2,4-D to 2 mg L⁻¹ and agarose 6 g L⁻¹ , 2 - Macro-, micronutrients and vitamines like in MN6 (Chu, Hill 1988) + 2 mg L⁻¹ 2.4-D + 0.5 mg L⁻¹ KIN + 5 mg L⁻¹ FeEDTA + 90 g L⁻¹ sucrose; 3 - Macro-, micronutrients and vitamines like in MN6 (Chu, Hill, 1988) + 2 mg L⁻¹ 2.4-D + 0.5 mg L⁻¹ KIN + 5 mg L⁻¹ FeEDTA + 120 g L⁻¹ sucrose. Embryoid induction and plant regeneration were influenced by donor plant genotype and induction medium. Medium 1 was the best for embryoid induction, while for green plant regeneration the best were media 1 and 2. Out of 300 anthers from each genotype plated on each of the three media, 64-1250, 12-486 and 6-212 somatic embryos and 8-86, 3-136 and 1-26 green plants were recorded, on media 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
In Calla palustris L. (Araceae) the anther tapetum (AT) of the amoeboid type occurs. Till the stage of I telophase in pollen mother cells (PMCs), the AT of this species has a cellular character. In premeiotic stage and during 1 meiotic division in PMCs, the differentiation of the AT is accompanied by two mitotic divisions which do not occur in all tapetal cells (TCs). The first mitosis may be acytokinetic resulting in the formation of a number of binucleate TCs. The nuclei of ca 40% TCs remain on the diploid level. Polyploidization of the nuclei in uni- and binucleate TCs is mainly connected with inhibition of mitoses at prophase. As a result, in the majority of the TCs the polyploid nuclei of regular shape arise. The polyploidization may be due also to nuclear restitution or fusion of chromosome groups at metaphase and anaphase which leads to the formation of nuclei of irregular outlines. The dissolution of the cell walls in the TCs begins already at the end of I prophase in PMCs. The fusion of the protoplasts is accomplished at the tetrad stage and the periplasmodium intruding the anther loculus is formed. At the tetrad stage in the AT of C. palustris three volume classes of the nuclei corresponding to the diploid, tetraploid and octoploid levels were distinguished.
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