The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and the intensity of E. multilocularis infection in red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) in the Świętokrzyskie and Lubelskie Provinces (Poland), taking into consideration the distribution of these parasites within the small intestine. One hundred and eleven samples of the small intestine from Świętokrzyskie and 242 from Lubelskie Provinces were examined by sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). Samples from 215 foxes were examined after dividing them into three parts (anterior, middle, posterior) to evaluate the distribution of the tapeworms in the intestine. The mean prevalence of E. multilocularis was 3.6% in Świętokrzyskie and 18.2% in Lubelskie Provinces, and the mean intensity of infection in these regions was 555.5 and 519.4, respectively. The tapeworms were most frequently found in the posterior part of the small intestine (95% of infected foxes), then in the middle part (80% of foxes), and in the anterior part (55% of foxes). The infection was most often dispersed in the full-length of the intestine (55% of infected foxes), simultaneously in the middle and posterior parts (20% of foxes) and in single posterior parts (20% of foxes). No tapeworms occurred only in the anterior part.
Fast and sensitive techniques are needed to determine microorganism presence in liquid samples. In this research, the feasibility of using light scattering spectrometry for enumerating the biological particles in liquid samples was investigated. A particle size spectrometer was used to count six commonly found microbial species suspended in liquid with and without microbiological stains applied: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micrococcus spp. vegetative cells and Bacillus subtilis var. niger endospores were stained with Acridine Orange and Crystal Violet, while Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium melinii and Aspergillus versicolor fungi were stained with Acridine Orange and Lactophenol Cotton Blue. The counts obtained with the spectrometer were compared with those obtained with a phase-contrast microscope. It was found that the spectrometer counted about 32% of non-stained B. subtilis endospores and this percentage increased to almost 90% for stained endospores. Among the investigated species of fungi, the counting efficiency of P. melinii was the only one significantly affected by the application of the stain Lactophenol Cotton Blue: the fraction of counted fungal spores increased from 64% (non-stained spores) to about 100% (stained spores). The observed difference in counting efficiency may serve as a basis for differentiating biological from non-biological particles in liquid samples.
Commercially available on domestic market sprouted seeds were assessed for microbiological quality in this article. The following sprouted seeds were analysed: alfalfa, lentil, mung bean, radish as well as wheat grain. Bacterial contamination determined for these products was evaluated as high, exceeding the level of 109 CFU/g. Among predominant microflora containing only Gram-negative microorganisms, the presence of strains from the family Enterobacteriaceae and the genera Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Aeromonas has been found. Analysed products were free from bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Listeria.
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