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The phenomenon of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms in the Baltic and the surrounding freshwater bodies has been known for several decades.The presence of cyanobacterial toxic metabolites in the Curonian Lagoon has been investigated and demonstrated for the first time in this work (2006–07). Microcystis aeruginosa was the most common and widely distributed species in the 2006 blooms. Nodularia spumigena was present in the northern part of the Curonian Lagoon, following the intrusion of brackish water from the Baltic Sea; this is the first time that this nodularin-(NOD)-producing cyanobacterium has been recorded in the lagoon.W ith the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), four microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LY, MC-YR) and nodularin were detected in 2006.T he presence of these cyanobacterial hepatotoxic cyclic peptides was additionally confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP1).Micr ocystin-LR, the most frequent of them, was present in every sample at quite high concentrations (from <0.1 to 134.2 μg dm−3).I n 2007, no cyanobacterial bloom was recorded and cyanotoxins were detected in only 4% of the investigated samples.A comparably high concentration of nodularin was detected in the northern part of the Curonian Lagoon.I n one sample dimethylated MC-RR was also detected (concentration 7.5 μg dm−3).
Cyanobacterial blooms, often observed in eutrophic water reservoirs, produce toxic metabolites known as cyanotoxins that affect animal health. There are five groups of cyanotoxins classified on the basis of their toxic action: hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins and irritant toxins. Microcystin (MC) is a very common and well described hepatotoxin produced by various genera, such as Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, Anabenopsis, Hapalosiphon and Nostoc. It acts as an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), inducing hyperphosphorylation of cell proteins and a variety of toxic changes in hepatocytes often leading to liver insufficiency and death caused by hypovolemic shock. Since the reports on MC toxicity are on the increase this cyanotoxin should be treated as an important environmental factor affecting human and animal health. A brief overview of existing literature on the intake, mechanism of action, and hepatotoxic effects on mammalian animals is presented in this paper
The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the relationship between environmental factors (temperature; pH; total phosphorus - TP and nitrogen - TN and their ratio) and occurrence of microcystin producing cyanobacteria in two shallow, eutrophic Polish water bodies, Sulejów Reservoir (Central Poland) and Bnińskie Lake (Western Poland). Samples for analyses were collected from June till October 2005. Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii, responsible for microcystins production, were detected respectively for Sulejów Reservoir and Bnińskie Lake. Molecular analysis of the mcyE gene, indicated the presence of toxigenic strains of cyanobacteria in both water bodies throughout the whole sampling period. The highest extracellular microcystins toxicity established by PPIA was 2.83 μg dm-3 and 2.19 μg dm-3 in samples dominated by M. aeruginosa and P. agardhii respectively. Two different environmental factors in studied water bodies were crucial in occurrence of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria. The strong correlation between biomass of M. aeruginosa and total nitrogen (TN) in Sulejów Reservoir (R=0.83; p<0.05) was observed. Strong negative correlation was found between biomass of P. agardhii and temperature (R=-0.77; p<0.05 and R=-0.70; p<0.05) in Bnińskie Lake.
The aim of this study was to identify empirical relationships among 12 water chemistry parameters, microcystins, and coliform bacteria at four beaches in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. While microcystin fluctuations were not synchronized among the different sites, concentrations were marginally correlated with concurrent nitrate levels at individual sites, but lagged more significantly behind soluble inorganic phosphorus, and inversely behind the nitrate-N/soluble phosphorus ratio (NPR). Microcystins were also inversely correlated with copper, which was used as an algaecide in the lake. Total coliform bacterial counts (TC) were significantly greater at times of increased turbidity, temperature, and higher inorganic phosphate and dissolved organic matter. TC were also inversely correlated with NPR.
The Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) is a shallow and highly eutrophic water body, with frequent blooms of cyanobacteria dominated by Microcystis and Anabaena species. Two Microcystis strains, MK10.10 and MAKR0205, isolated from the lagoon were characterised in this work. The morphology of the isolates differed significantly with respect to cell size and their ability to form aggregates. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence, both isolates were classified as Microcystis aeruginosa. However, only one isolate, MK10.10, possessed the mcy genes responsible for microcystin biosynthesis and only this strain produced microcystins. The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and salinity, on toxin production turned out to be minor. Under the culture conditions used in the experiments, the biomass of the toxic MK10.10 was always lower. Hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-LC/MS/MS) was used to elucidate the structure of the microcystin (MC) variants produced by MK10.10. Based on molecular ion and fragmentation spectra, the toxins were identified as MC-LR, MC-VR and MC- HIlR. Our study confirmed that some morphological criteria could be useful in preliminarily assessing the potential toxicity of a Microcystis bloom.
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