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Metody identyfikacji ektomikoryz

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Due to trade globalization of both fresh and processed sea food the necessity has arisen to determine its affinity to certain species. This is related to legislation (i.e. duty), the necessity to monitor the origin and transportation of food products (traceability), and health aspects (alimentary allergies). Moreover, it is vital to control and prevent food adulteration, i.e. the substitution of more expensive species with cheaper, sometimes less valuable ones. The visual assessment used so far is reliable only in the case of whole, unprocessed fish. The aim of this study has been to demonstrate the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction linked with restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP) in confirming the presence of Alaskan pollock (Theragra halcogramma). Contrary to the declaration given by the producer/manufacturer, among the 68 examined products 8 products were not produced from Alaskan pollock. The technique described in this work is faster and more reliable than the techniques used to date. The method proposed might be very useful for the routine control of fish identification.
The diagnostics of brucellosis is primarily based on serological investigations. Since a serologically positive response can occur from antigenically cross-reactive bacteria, the isolation and identification of the pathogen from a potentially infected host remains the gold standard as a tool for the confirmation of infection. However, this process also has drawbacks. The tests are time consuming, complex and must be performed by highly skilled personnel. The zoonotic nature of most Brucella species is a potential hazard for laboratory personnel who must manipulate the infectious agent during testing. Finally, some of the characteristics are subjective and the results are not always definitive. Recently, progress in these aspects of diagnostics has been advanced through PCR-based technologies. PCR-based assays are simple to design and carry out, rapid, inexpensive to perform and are characterized by high diagnostic values: sensitivity and specificity. The following is a review of the major assays constituting excellent progress in the diagnostics of brucellosis.
Despite the permanent development of laboratory techniques, various types of adulterations are still a problem in the food industry. An important group among different frauds is adulterations connected with meat species authenticity. Uncovering of adulterated meat products is important inter alia for allergic individuals, for those who can’t intake certain species because of religious beliefs, and for maintaining fair-trade. More subtle techniques used for the mentioned adulterations generate a need for the elaboration of better analytical methods to provide effective control of meat and meat products. The aim of this review is to present currently used laboratory methods applied for meat species identification and detection of adulterations in the declared composition of meat products. The first group of the described methods enables identification and analysis of proteins and the second presented group contains techniques of DNA analysis. Apart from their short characteristics, some disadvantages and potential problems found during work with certain methods are described.
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