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There are numerous algorithmic classification methods that attempt to address the connections between different scales of the atmosphere, such as EOFs, clustering, and neural nets. However, their relative strength lies in the description of the mean conditions, whereas extremes are poorly covered by them. A novel approach towards the identification of linkages between large-scale atmospheric fields and local extremes of meteorological parameters is presented in this paper. The principle is that a small number of objectively selected fields can be used to circumscribe a local meteorological parameter by way of regression. For each day, the regression coefficients form a kind of pattern which is used for a classification based on similarity. As it turns out, several classes are generated which contain days that constitute extreme atmospheric conditions and from which local meteorological parameters can be computed, yielding an indirect way of determining these local extremes just from large-scale information. The range of applications is large. (i) Not only local meteorological parameters can be subjected to such a regressionbased classification procedure. It can be extended to extreme indicators, such as threshold exceedances, yielding on the one hand the relevant atmospheric fields to describe those indicators, and on the other hand grouping days with “favourable atmospheric conditions”. This approach can be further extended by investigating networks of measurement stations from a region and describing, e.g., the probability for threshold exceedances at a given percentage of the network. (ii) The method can not only be used as a filtering tool to supply days in the current climate with extreme conditions, identified in an objective way. The method can be applied to climate model projections, using the previously found parameter-specific combinations of atmospheric fields. From those fields, as they constitute the modelled future climate, local time series can be generated which are then analysed with respect to the frequency and magnitude of future extremes. The method has sensitivities (i) due to the degree to which there are connections between large-scale fields and local meteorological parameters (measured, e.g., by the correlation) and (ii) due to the varying quality of the different fields (geopotential, temperature, humidity etc.) projected by the climate model.
The Xilin Gol area is located in central Inner Mongolia, China. It had been a fertile prairie in northern China, but desertification and sand storms have increased in past decades. This study shows the spatial and temporal distribution of sand storms in the Xilin Gol area. The results of the analysis show: (i) Factors such as strong winds (usually beyond seven levels), rain and temperature have an impact on sand storms. The correlation coefficient between sand storm days and strong wind days is 0.89. (ii) There are more sand storm days in the west than in the east. (iii) In the last 30 years, the frequency of sand storms have been consistently decreasing.
The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can be used to determine accurate and high-frequency atmospheric parameters, such as Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) or Precipitable Water Vapour (PW), in all-weather conditions. These parameters are often assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models and used for nowcasting services and climate studies. The effective usage of the ZTDs obtained from a ground-based GNSS receiver’s network in a NWP could fill the gap of insufficient atmospheric water vapour state information. The supply of such information with a latency acceptable for NWP assimilation schemes requires special measures in the GNSS data processing, quality control and distribution. This study is a detailed description of the joint effort of three institutions – Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław University, and the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – to provide accurate and timely GNSS-based meteorological information. This paper presents accuracy analyses of near real-time GNSS ZTD validated against reference ZTD data: the International GNSS Service (IGS) from a precise GNSS solution, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and radiosonde profiles. Data quality statistics were performed for five GNSS stations in Poland over a time span of almost a year (2015). The comparison of near real-time ZTD and IGS shows a mean ZTD station bias of less than 3 mm with a related standard deviation of less than 10 mm. The bias between near real-time ZTD and WRF ZTD is in the range of 5-11 mm and the overall standard deviation is slightly higher than 10 mm. Finally, the comparison of the investigated ZTD against radiosonde showed an average bias at a level of 10 mm, whereas the standard deviation does not exceed 14 mm. Considering the data quality, we assess that the NRT ZTD can be assimilated into NWP models.
Prezentowana praca stanowi rozwinięcie zagadnienia wpływu zachmurzenia na składowe bilansu promieniowania krótkofalowego i długofalowego powierzchni pola uprawnego w ciągu dnia oraz nocy. Na podstawie stopnia pokrycia nieba chmurami, wysokości podstawy chmur oraz ich rodzaju, tj. elementów warunkujących dopływ i utratę energii cieplnej, zaproponowano tzw. energetyczną klasyfikacją zachmurzenia w której zdefiniowano cztery podstawowe typy różnicując warunki dzienne oraz nocne w każdym z nich. Założenia teoretyczne zostały zweryfikowane podczas analizy materiału obserwacyjnego Regionalnego Biura Meteorologicznego w Dęblinie dla 1995 r. Określono roczne przebiegi liczby godzin występowania poszczególnych typów zachmurzenia w aspekcie okresu wegetacyjnego oraz w nawiązaniu do procesów powstawania poszczególnych rodzajów chmur. Poczyniono próbę powiązania występowania energetycznych typów zachmurzenia z typami cyrkulacji w celu wyodrębnienia sytuacji synoptycznych o najbardziej korzystnych warunkach nefologicznych dla bilansu promieniowania pola uprawnego.
The paper summarises the results of climatological studies concerning the area of the Carpathian Regional Gene Bank station located in the Wisła Forest District. The work provides raw meteorological data, daily, monthly, seasonal and annual records, and various indices such as the pluvial-thermal index, biometeorological index, Sielianinow’s index and de Martonne’s index. In addition, the detailed profiles of thermal, humidity and rainfall conditions are presented against a background of the general synoptic situation.
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